永乐宫壁画制作材料及工艺的初步调查分析  

Preliminary investigation and analysis of the materials and painting technologies for Yongle Palace murals

作　　者：李娜[1,2] 于宗仁[1,2] 善忠伟 水碧纹[1,2] 冯雅琪 苏伯民[1,2] LI Na;YU Zongren;SHAN Zhongwei;SHUI Biwen;FENG Yaqi;SU Bomin(Dunhuang Academy,Jiuquan 736200,China;National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Ruins(Dunhuang Academy),Jiuquan 736200,China)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院,甘肃酒泉736200 [2]国家古代壁画与土遗址保护工程技术研究中心(敦煌研究院),甘肃酒泉736200

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2019年第5期65-74,共10页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：国家文物局文物保护科技优秀青年研究计划资助(2014224)

摘　　要：永乐宫原位于山西省芮城县永乐镇,建于1247-1368年,是为纪念吕洞宾而修建的。其壁画绘制700多年来,历经多次自然灾害和修缮,还经历了20世纪60年代的整体搬迁,目前壁画已出现常见的颜料层起甲、脱落、粉化等病害,还存在拼接缝开裂起翘,表层画面受污染变色的状况。由于早期切割、搬迁和修复的大量介入,现存壁画表面及内部结构都发生了巨大的变化。永乐宫在搬迁过程中保存下来的少量壁画残块,一定程度上代表了永乐宫壁画的原始状态,是研究早期壁画材料和工艺信息的重要的和极有价值的样本。对此,针对取自永乐宫的11块壁画残块的微量样品,通过光学显微镜(OM)、剖面分析(cross-section analysis)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)等多种分析手段,对其制作材料和工艺进行初步调查分析,并取得了其相关壁画地仗、颜料材质及绘制壁画层位的信息,为永乐宫壁画的科学保护和深入研究提供了重要的基础资料。Yongle Palace was built from 1247 to 1368 in memory of Lyu Dongbin and was originally located in Yongle Town of Ruicheng County,Shanxi Province.Murals of the palace have gone through many natural disasters and repairs over the last more than 700 years and also experienced integral removal and relocation of the palace in 1960s.Recently the paint layers of murals have been suffering from some common diseases,such as flaking,losses and powdering,etc.Besides,there are also cracks and shelling of the paint on the seam lines,and pollution and color changes on some painting surfaces.Because the murals were largely influenced by removal and extensive restoration,great changes have taken place on the murals both superficially and internally.To some extent,a few of the mural fragments remaining from the removal project can represent the authenticity of Yongle Palace murals.These fragments are important and valuable evidence for studying original materials and technology of the murals.A series of analyses,including optical microscopy(OM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS),etc.,were conducted on the micro-samples from 11 pieces of mural fragments from Yongle Palace,in a preliminary study of the painting materials and technologies.The identified materials and the stratigraphy of both plaster and paint layers can effectively provide basic data for the scientific conservation and further study of Yongle Palace murals.

关 键 词：永乐宫 壁画 显微镜 XRD SEM-EDS 

分 类 号：K879.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]