WTO程序机制改革的国际法思考  

A Reflection on the Reform of WTO Procedural Mechanisms from the Perspective of International Law

作　　者：李雪平 LI Xueping

机构地区：[1]武汉大学国际法研究所

出　　处：《国际展望》2019年第6期1-19,150,共20页Global Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“经济全球化升级与WTO法改革的中国方案研究”(18AFX027)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：随着全球贸易关系的深度调整和国际贸易规则的升级重构,WTO改革已成定势。WTO主要成员提交的改革方案或建议均承认WTO体制已跟不上国际贸易局势的深刻变化,但认为所有问题的解决都必须倚重于WTO组织运行机制、贸易政策监督机制和争端解决机制等程序机制的公平性和有效性。程序机制对实体规则的适用和实施发挥着决定性作用和影响,因而WTO的改革问题就突出表现为对其程序机制的更新和完善。WTO程序机制存在的功能性缺陷及其法律本源,致使在调整成员间的权利和义务、确保多边体制运行的公平和效率以及多边贸易关系的新议题和老问题等方面严重失衡,造成WTO成员间权利义务关系的变通和转移,并使其现有的决策方法出现公平失真和效率假象。面对困境,WTO应从法律本源入手,修订和完善程序规则,去除与新时代不符的程序要求,确保程序机制能切实有效维护WTO体制的政治价值、法律价值和秩序价值,进而有助于全球经济决策的广泛一致性和良好连续性。As global trade relations and international trading rules are restructuring,WTO reform has become inevitable.The reform plans or proposals submitted by the major WTO members all admit that the existing WTO system has failed to keep up with the radical changes in international trade.The solution to those problems depends on the fairness and effectiveness of the WTO procedural mechanisms,such as institutional operation,trade policy supervision,and dispute settlement.These procedural mechanisms play a decisive role in the application and implementation of WTO substantive rules.However,there are functional defects in these mechanisms and their related legal resources,resulting in serious imbalances in adjusting the rights and obligations between WTO members,failing to ensure fairness and efficiency in the functioning of this multilateral system and settle new issues and old problems in multilateral trading relations.Furthermore,rights and obligations are flexible and could be transferred among WTO members,thus making the existing methods of decision-making unfair and inefficient.Faced with such a dilemma,WTO should revise and improve its procedural rules starting from the legal sources and remove the procedural requirements inconsistent with the demands of a new era,so as to ensure that the reformed procedural mechanisms can effectively maintain the political,legal,and orderly value of the WTO system to achieve greater coherence and continuity in global economic policy-making.

关 键 词：程序机制 WTO改革 多边法律关系 国际贸易秩序 

分 类 号：F743[经济管理—国际贸易]