斯宾诺莎自由哲学的二难困境及其启示  

The Dilemma of Spinoza’s Philosophy of Freedom and Its Enlightenments

作　　者：彭柏林 Peng Bolin

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《理论界》2019年第9期42-50,共9页Theory Horizon

摘　　要：“自由”是斯宾诺莎哲学最重要的概念,学界从自由主义政治哲学、自由伦理学、自由神学三个维度对其自由哲学展开了多重考察。然而,斯宾诺莎的自由哲学在这三个层次上都表现出了一种严重的分裂和不连贯性,无论是政治哲学的、伦理学的还是神学的考察都陷入了“神秘主义”与“激进主义”的二难困境。“摇摆”(vacillat e)于这种二难困境中似乎是斯宾诺莎情感学说的一个吊诡,但仍然可以从其整个哲学体系的强烈“二元论”倾向中得到解释。自由哲学的分裂在根本上是一个本体论问题,斯宾诺莎的最终解答是为“理性人的联合体”提供一种超越于分散大众(masses)的本体论地位。“理性人”概念反思的是中世纪拥有灵魂独立性的个体,是对早期现代主体性的一种描述和预示,合理看待这一概念的哲学史意义可以给我们诸多启发。“Freedom”is the most important concept of Spinoza’s philosophy.The academia has carried out multiple investigations on philosophy of freedom from the three dimensions of liberal political philosophy,liberal ethics and liberal theology.However,Spinoza’s philosophy of freedom has shown a serious division and inconsistency at these three levels.Whether it is political philosophy,ethics or theological investigation,it has fallen into the dilemma of“mysticism”and“radicalism”.“Vicillating”in this dilemma seems to be a condolence of Spinoza’s doctrine of emotion,but can still be explained by the strong“dualism”tendencies of his entire philosophical system.The split of philosophy of freedom is fundamentally an ontological problem,and Spinoza’s final answer is to provide an ontological position that transcends masses for the“union of rational men”.The concept of“rational man”reflects on the individual with the independence of the soul in the Middle Ages,it is a description and prediction of the early modern subjectivity.Properly situating the meanings of this concept in the history of philosophy will give us a lot of inspirations.

关 键 词：斯宾诺莎 自由 神秘主义 激进主义 神 

分 类 号：B1[哲学宗教—世界哲学]