中国燃煤电厂履行《关于汞的水俣公约》的差距与展望  

Gaps and prospects for the implementation of Minamata Convention on Mercury by China’s coal-fired power plants

作　　者：吴清茹 赵子鹰 杨帆[4] 刘开云 王书肖 WU Qing-ru;ZHAO Zi-ying;YANG Fan;LIU Kai-yun;WANG Shu-xiao(State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,School of Environment,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex,Beijing 100084,China;Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Beijing 100035,China;China Electricity Council,Beijing 100761,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学环境学院环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室,北京100084 [2]国家环境保护大气复合污染来源与控制重点实验室,北京100084 [3]生态环境部对外合作与交流中心,北京100035 [4]中国电力企业联合会,北京100761

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2019年第10期52-60,共9页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“大气汞气固分配及机理研究”(批准号:21607090)

摘　　要：燃煤电厂是全球最主要的大气汞排放源之一,也是《关于汞的水俣公约》(以下简称《公约》)的大气重点管控源。《公约》自2017年8月16日正式对中国生效,意味着中国燃煤电厂必须严格按照《公约》相关规定开展履约工作。本研究通过分析《公约》对大气汞排放的核心管控要求,并基于文献和数据调研确定了中国燃煤电厂大气汞排放控制现状,从而探索中国燃煤电厂在大气汞排放清单编制以及大气汞排放管控措施等工作的履约差距和需求,以期为燃煤电厂大气汞排放履约提供支撑。研究结果表明,无论是排放清单编制还是大气汞的管控措施均与公约要求存在一定差距。在排放清单方面,中国尚未编制燃煤电厂的国家排放清单。考虑到当前烟气汞实测数据的缺乏,短期内建议采用估算法开展国家清单编制。通过建立相对完善的污染物释放转移登记制度、推进燃煤汞含量参数库和污染控制设备脱汞效率参数库的建立,开展排放清单的编制和动态更新。未来采用实测数据进行清单校验应推动烟气汞排放的监管、加强标准方法配套的国产采样设备的评估和改进、以及提高检测人员的测试能力。相关来源的筛选原则建议优先采用设备规模这项原则,未来可进一步考虑采用将设备规模和设备的汞排放量相结合的原则。在排放管控方面,现有管控现状与《公约》提出的五大可选措施仍存在差距。建议明确燃煤电厂总量控制目标,短期内应重点考虑相对目标或控制增速的目标,长期发展可采用绝对目标;提出各阶段的具体管控措施,从替代性措施和控制技术应用两方面控制大气汞排放;推动燃煤电厂大气汞排放限值的修订,确定分别针对新建和现有燃煤电厂的排放限值;强化多污染物控制技术的协同脱汞效果并提高技术的稳定性,同时开展高效低价专门脱汞技术的研发,Coal-fired power plant is not only one of the dominant atmospheric mercury emitters,but also one of the key specified sources in the Minamata Convention on Mercury(abbreviated as Convention).The Convention has entered into force since Aug.16,2017.This means that China’s coal-fired power plant must implement relevant articles in stick accordance with the requirements of the Convention.This study analysed the relevant requirements of Emission article in the Convention and defined current control status of coal-fired power plants in China based on literature and data review,so as to explore the implementation gap and prospect on emission inventory and control measures and to support the preparation of national action plans.This study finds gaps between current status and the requirement of the Convention in both emission inventory and control measures for China’s coal-fired power plants.The national emission inventory of atmospheric mercury in coal-fired power plants has not been compiled currently.In the short term,it is suggested to adopt the estimation method to compile and update the emission inventories by establishing relatively perfect Pollutant Release and Transfer Register system,promoting the establishment of mercury content parameter database of coal,and mercury removal efficiency parameter database of pollution control equipment.In the future,the use of measured data for inventory evaluation should promote the regulation of flue gas mercury emission,strengthen the evaluation and improvement of domestic sampling equipment,and improve the monitoring ability of testing personnel.The relevant sources are suggested to be preferentially selected according to facility capacity currently.However,both of facility capacity and facility emissions should be considered as the dominant selection criteria with the availability of tested emission data.In terms of emission control,there is still a gap between existing control measures and relevant requirements of the Convention.It is suggested that quantified goal of

关 键 词：燃煤电厂 大气汞排放 《关于汞的水俣公约》 

分 类 号：X323[环境科学与工程—环境工程]