世界级优秀男子跳高运动员关键运动技术研究  

Research on Key Sports Techniques of World-class Elite Men’s High Jumpers

作　　者：程泓人 江志全 苑廷刚[1] 姜自立 王国杰 CHENG Hongren;JIANG Zhiquan;YUAN Tinggang;JIANG Zili;WANG Guojie(China Institute of Sport Science,Beijing 100061,China;Langfang Normal University,Langfang065000,China;Beijing Sport University,Beijing100083,China.)

机构地区：[1]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061 [2]廊坊师范学院,河北廊坊065000 [3]北京体育大学,北京100061

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2019年第9期52-59,共8页China Sport Science and Technology

基　　金：国家体育总局体育科学研究所基本科研业务费资助项目(基本19-38)

摘　　要：目的:分析近5届田径世锦赛中世界级优秀男子跳高运动员运动技术参数表现,对比我国近5年来跳出2.28 m以上成绩的现役优秀跳高运动员的技术特点,探究世界级优秀男子跳高运动员的关键运动技术特征。方法:实验测试法、运动视频解析法、文献资料法、专家访谈法和统计分析法。结论:1)世界优秀运动员的弧线助跑与跳高架横杆平行方向的弧度角度约为60°、45°、40°和30°左右;2)世界优秀男子跳高运动员助跑倒2步的步长为2.18±0.16 m,最后1步的步长为2.06±0.11 m,按照由大到小的步长节奏助跑(P<0.05),存在个体化的差异;3)倒2步的助跑水平速度大小为7.69±0.29 m·s^-1,最后1步助跑水平速度为7.48±0.31 m·s^-1(P<0.01);4)世界级优秀男子跳高运动员踏跳着地瞬间的水平速度为7.53±0.37 m·s^-1,垂直速度为-0.10±0.43 m·s^-1;我国优秀男子跳高运动员在起跳着地瞬间的水平速度7.04±0.25 m·s^-1,垂直速度-0.01±0.32 m·s^-1,显著低于世界级优秀运动员(P<0.01);5)世界级优秀男子跳高运动员踏跳离地瞬间的水平速度为4.11±0.47 m·s^-1,垂直速度为4.56±0.25 m·s^-1;起跳离地瞬间的垂直速度显著大于水平速度(P<0.001),起跳角度为48.15°±3.18°,腾起初速度(合速度)为6.06±0.44 m·s^-1,在一定合理范围内起跳角度越大,成绩越好;6)在起跳阶段膝关节的着地角度为165.50°±7.15°,膝关节的离地角度为172.13°±3.24°;7)起跳着地瞬间质心高度均值为0.90±0.04 m,起跳离地瞬间H1的平均高度为1.35±0.05 m,过杆身体质心最高值H2为2.36±0.05 m,质心距离横杆高度差H3的平均值为0.05±0.03 m;8)世界级优秀男子跳高运动员起跳距离一般介于0.85~1.38 m,平均值为1.15±0.32 m,起跳距离与成绩之间的相关系数r为0.35(P<0.05)为显著中度相关。Objective:To analyze the performance of the technical parameters of the world-class men's high jumpers in the last five IAAF World Championships in Athletics,by comparing the technical characteristics of the active elite high jump athletes who have jumped above 2.28 m in the past five years,and exploring the key technique of world-class elite men's high jump athletes.Methods:Experimental test method,motion video analysis method,literature data method,expert interview method and statistical analysis method.Conclusions:1)these high jumpers jump with the angles of the arc run-up and the parallel of high jump bar about 60°,45°,40°and 30°;2)the step length range of 2 steps for run-up of the world's best men's high jumper is 2.18±0.16 m,and the step length of the last step is 2.06±0.11 m.There are individual differences according to the step-by-step rotation from large to small(P<0.05);3)the horizontal speed of the run-up for last 2 steps is 7.69±0.29 m·s^-1,and the last 1 step running speed is 7.48±0.31 m·s^-1(P<0.01);4)the horizontal speed at which the foot jumps to the ground of the world-class elite athletes is 7.53±0.37 m·s^-1,and the vertical speed is?0.10±0.43 m·s^-1;at the same time,the horizontal speed of the elite men's high jump athletes in China is 7.04±0.25 m·s^-1 and the vertical speed is?0.01±0.32 m·s^-1,which data are significantly lower than that of world-class athletes(P<0.01);5)the horizontal speed of the world-class elite men's high jumper jumping off the ground is 4.11±0.47 m·s^-1 and the vertical speed is 4.56±0.25 m·s^-1;the vertical speed of the jump from the ground is significantly greater than the horizontal speed(P<0.001),the takeoff angle is 48.15±3.18°,and the initial speed(combination speed)is 6.06±0.44 m·s^-1.In a reasonable range,the larger of the takeoff angle brings the better scores;6)the landing angle of the knee joint during the takeoff phase is 165.50±7.15°,and the jumping off the ground angle of the knee joint is 172.13±3.24°;7)the average height of t

关 键 词：男子跳高 关键技术 步长 水平速度 垂直速度 质心高度 

分 类 号：G819[文化科学—体育学]