中国劳动力成本的测算和比较  

Measurement and Comparison of Labor Costs in China

作　　者：樊学瑞 高波[1] FAN Xue-rui;Gao Bo(School of Economics,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学经济学院

出　　处：《河北学刊》2019年第6期110-118,共9页Hebei Academic Journal

摘　　要：劳动力成本变化会深刻影响国家竞争优势。本文分别使用国际和国家层面统计数据计算了中国1991—2016年的单位劳动成本,并作了国际和国内比较。研究发现,中国单位劳动力成本曲线呈先下降后上升的“U”型,单位劳动成本约为美国的20%左右,但高于大部分新兴经济体和亚洲地区国家。国内相对单位劳动成本较高的地区集中在人口流出地和劳动生产率低下的中、西部。人民币升值、工资上涨以及劳动生产率低下是中国劳动力成本上升的主要原因。而劳动力市场化改革、劳动力供求结构变化、教育的工资溢价是推动工资上涨的主要力量,劳动力资源再配置放缓和劳动力受教育水平相对低下是导致劳动生产率低下的主要原因。因此,本文提出从调整人口政策、增强教育力度和劳动者技能培训以及培育以创新驱动为主导的国家竞争优势三个途径来降低劳动力成本上升对中国经济的负面影响。Changes in labor costs will profoundly affect national competitive advantage.In this paper,in-ternational and national statistical data are used to calculate the unit labor cost of China from 1991 to 2016,and international and domestic comparisons are made.The study found that China’s unit labor cost curve shows a“U”shape,which is about 20%of that of the United States,but higher than that of most emerging economies and Asian countries.The areas with relatively high unit labor cost in China are con-centrated in the central and western regions with low labor productivity.A rising yuan,rising wages and low productivity are the main reasons for China’s rising labor costs.The labor market reform,the change of labor supply and demand structure,and the wage premium of education are the main forces driving the wage increase.The slowing down of labor resource reallocation and the relatively low level of labor force by education are the main reasons leading to the low labor productivity.Therefore,this paper proposes three ways to reduce the negative impact of rising labor costs on China’s economy,including adjusting the population policy,strengthening the force of education,training workers’skills and cultivating inno-vation-driven national competitive advantage.

关 键 词：单位劳动成本 劳动生产率 PPP汇率 劳动力市场 

分 类 号：F241[经济管理—劳动经济]