日本社会保障的历史发展与当前问题  

Historical Development and Current Issues for Social Security in Japan

作　　者：小野太一 黄莎 华颖[4] Taichi Ono(National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies,Tokyo 106-8677,Japan)

机构地区：[1]日本国立政策研究大学院 [2]中国人民大学中国社会保障研究中心 [3]中国社会保障学会秘书处 [4]中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所

出　　处：《社会保障评论》2019年第3期14-23,共10页Chinese Social Security Review

基　　金：“中国社会保障学会-国际劳工组织-德国艾伯特基金会”国际合作研究项目“全球社会保障与经济发展”

摘　　要：日本社会保障制度的起源可追溯至19世纪明治维新后,其法律框架在二战后依然存在。当前,人口老龄化、出生率下降以及前两者所导致的人口减少是日本社会经济转型的主要原因,当然也导致社会保障政策的改革。经济结构的变化对社会保障政策产生了显著影响。日本主要政党在强化社会保障制度以及增加税收的必要性上达成了广泛共识,这源于日本社会存在以下共识:社会保障在现代社会中有着无可争议的价值,从而不应受制于政党政治。在经济增长放缓、"超老龄化"和人口减少的背景下,为实现制度可持续发展,对社会保障制度进行改革具有必要性。除了注意确保待遇和负担之间的均衡外,本文指出在当下后综合改革时期需要解决的四方面关键问题:首要任务是稳步实施改革所制定的或将要制定的政策;第二组问题与包括医疗和药物在内的医学科学进步有关;第三组问题涉及促进社会保障与其他相关领域的政策组合,例如住房或本地社区振兴等问题;第四是要解决综合改革中未纳入的问题。The origin of the Japanese social security system can be found in the nineteenth century after the Meiji Restoration,and its legislative frameworks remained in place after the Second World War.Ageing,declining birth rates and depopulation as a consequence of the first two are the main causes of any current socio-economic transformation in Japan,let alone social security policy.The changing economic structure also significantly affects social security policy.The necessity both of fortifying the social security system and of soliciting a tax increase was broadly shared among major political parties in Japan.The reason is that a common understanding exists in Japan’s society of the indisputable value of social security to a modern community,in which it should not be made subject to party politics,as well as of the necessity for reforming the system to make it sustainable in a country of slower economic growth,"super-ageing"and depopulation.In addition to paying attention to securing the balance between benefit and burden,the author considers four critical issues that need to be addressed in the post-Comprehensive Reform era.The first priority is the steady implementation of the policies instituted or due to be instituted by the reform.The second issue is related to the scientific advancement of medicine,including pharmaceuticals.The third set of issues is related to the promotion of the policy mix of social security and other related areas,such as housing or the revitalization of the local community.Fourth is related to tackling of problems that are not included in the Comprehensive Reform.

关 键 词：日本 社会保障 历史发展 改革 

分 类 号：D63[政治法律—政治学]