美欧防务责任分担矛盾的缘起、发展及影响  

Origin, Development and Impacts of Contradiction in Sharing of Defense Responsibilities Between the US and Europe

作　　者：赵怀普 韩宝禄日 Zhao Huaipu;HanBao Luri

机构地区：[1]外交学院国际关系研究所

出　　处：《国际经济评论》2019年第6期116-133,M0006,M0007,共20页International Economic Review

摘　　要：在美国主导的以北约为支柱的大西洋联盟内部,欧洲盟国的“搭便车”行为是美欧防务责任分担矛盾产生的根本原因。这一矛盾对大西洋联盟及美欧关系具有消极影响,尽管在不同的历史阶段其矛盾表现各有特点,内容和重点也各有不同,但贯穿始终的是美欧之间控制与反控制的矛盾和争夺欧洲安全事务主导权的斗争。冷战后,美国将其对欧洲的军事承诺及北约义务作为与欧洲盟国进行谈判和施压的砝码,迫使后者承担更多防务责任或者对美国的其他经济、政治利益目标提供支持,由此导致美欧防务责任分担矛盾趋于尖锐化与复杂化。特朗普政府在对欧施压方面变本加厉,尤其在北约军费问题上持异常强硬态度,导致大西洋联盟的交易性成分明显增多。此外,特朗普政府对欧盟征收钢铝关税、退出气候变化协议和伊朗核协议等一系列做法也破坏了美欧关系的互信与合作的基础。但总体来看,大西洋联盟的共同利益仍远大于分歧,美欧不仅在反恐和对抗俄罗斯等方面有共同利益,还对彼此有重要的战略意义。美欧防务责任分担矛盾虽然难以根本消除,但双方均在采取实际行动,特别是欧洲方面做出了更多的实际努力,以减少北约军费争议对大西洋联盟的冲击。大西洋联盟将在分歧和矛盾中延续。Within the Atlantic Alliance that is dominated by the US-led NATO,European countries’free-riding is the fundamental reason causing the controversy between the US and Europe over defense cost sharing.The controversy has had negative impacts on the Atlantic Alliance and the US-European relationship.Although the cost sharing debates have differed at different historical stages,the main disputes between the US and Europe remain the control and counter-control of each other and their struggle for the dominance of European security affairs.After the Cold War,the United States used its military commitments to Europe and its obligations to NATO as bargaining chips to negotiate with and put pressure on its European allies,forcing the latter to assume more defense responsibilities or support its economic and political interests.Eventually,the US-Europe controversy on defense responsibility sharing has escalated and become more complicated.The Trump administration has increased its pressure on Europe,especially with regard to the issue of NATO military spending,which has made the Atlantic Alliance more of a transactional deal.In addition,differences between the US and Europe on issues such as trade,climate change and the Iranian nuclear agreement have also damaged the foundation of trust and cooperation within the Atlantic Alliance.But the overall common interests of members of the alliance still outweigh their differences.The US and Europe not only have common interests in counter-terrorism and confrontation with Russia,but also share important strategic interests.Although it is difficult to eliminate their differences over defense cost sharing,both sides,especially Europe,are taking practical actions to reduce the impact of their disputes on the Atlantic Alliance.The Atlantic Alliance will continue to move forward despite differences and contradictions among its members.

关 键 词：北约 大西洋联盟 美欧关系 美欧防务责任分担 

分 类 号：F42[经济管理—产业经济]