全球化张力下的激进政治:资本、国家与人的内在冲突  

Radical Politics in the Tensions of Globalization: The Built-in Conflicts among Capital, State, and Man

作　　者：梁雪村[1] LIANG Xuecun

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《外交评论（外交学院学报）》2019年第6期91-120,I0004,I0005,共32页Foreign Affairs Review

基　　金：2017年度教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“欧洲社会思潮的变化及其对欧洲一体化的影响”(项目编号:17JJDGJW010)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：近年来世界各国在全球化的压力下出现了政治思潮的快速"变异",表现为支撑战后全球经济增长和世界秩序大致稳定的世俗政治意识形态陷入危机,激进政治、民粹主义、极端主义等原本处于政治光谱边缘的思想主张大行其道。全球资本主义秩序制造了"超级阶层"和"下沉阶层",货物和资本越来越自由的流动导致经济活动从政治社会体制中"脱嵌"。现代国家的执政者既要努力保持本土市场对人才和资本的吸引力,又必须有效解决因此产生的收入差距和其他社会代价。精英群体更容易看到前者的必要性,而普通民众对后者也存在迫切的需求,在民主实践中,精英和民众之间的巨大分歧经常形成相互否决的局面,而新自由主义对国家功能的严格限制,又进一步削弱了政府在维持市场合法性方面的能力。在资本的压力下,左右为难的国家内部不可避免地催生"出局的人"。单一国家应对全球性危机的能力越有限,"出局的人"对强硬手段和激进政策的渴求就越强烈。整体而言,世界范围内激进政治的高潮迭起反映了在如何应对全球化代价问题上政治解决方案的匮乏。The past few years have witnessed rapid radicalization of world politics in the tensions of globalization.It manifests as the exhaustion of secular political ideologies which have underpinned the continuity of economic growth and the stability of international order in the post-WWII era.Global capitalism has created both a superclass and a sunk class.The ever-increasing mobility of goods and capital results in economic disembeddedness as characteristic of global capitalism.The statesmen then have to improve the friendliness of the local market to the international capital and at the same time address the growing income disparity and its social ramifications.In many cases,the elite see the necessity of the former while the general public find the urgency of the latter.As a result,in the practices of democracy,the unbridgeable gap between the elite interest and the public opinion often leads to checkmates to each other.Worse still,since the neo-liberalist orthodoxy puts rigid restrictions on the role of states,the capacities of national governments have been systematically undermined in terms of maintaining the legitimacy of market-oriented economics.It is nearly inevitable that states are put in a quandary and the number of"outcasts"in the socioeconomic sense increases,who are easily attracted to tough measures or radical policies.In conclusion,the surge of radical politics all over the world reflects the apparent lack of political solutions to the problems of globalization.

关 键 词：全球化 激进政治 全球资本主义 民粹主义 恐怖主义 黄马甲运动 

分 类 号：D[政治法律]