“哈耶克矛盾”与“诺思悖论”:Social Orders自发生成演化抑或理性设计建构的理论之惑  

The Hayekian Contradiction and the Northian Paradox:The Puzzle of Spontaneous Formation and Evolution or Rational Design and Constructed Social Orders

作　　者：韦森[1] 陶丽君 苏映雪 Weisen Li;Tao Lijun;Su Yingxue

机构地区：[1]复旦大学经济学院

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2019年第6期1-13,199,共14页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“货币与商业周期理论的起源、形成与发展”(14AZD104)

摘　　要：哈耶克与诺思,是影响当代人们思想认识的两大思想家和诺贝尔经济学奖得主。他们均是从大范围人类社会演变历史来构建他们的理论观点的。在哈耶克的经济社会理论中,他一直主张人类社会的经济秩序和社会制度是不能理性设计出来的,而是自发演化生成的;但他另一方面又相信任何一种social orders都是建立在一定的ideology之上,并在晚年的著作中提出要为西方各国设计一个双议会机构的政制体制设想。这就构成了哈耶克思想理论体系中的哈耶克矛盾。在诺思的社会制度变迁理论中,诺思一方面提出国家的存在是经济增长的关键;然而,国家又被认为经济衰退的根源。诺思认为,其原因在于,对于任何一个国家的统治者来说,租金最大化和税收最大化是不可兼得的。因而,“在使统治者(和他的集团)租金最大化的所有权结构与降低交易费用和促进经济增长的有效的体制之间,存在着持久的冲突”。这就是诺思的著名的“国家的悖论”,或称“诺思悖论”。如何认识“哈耶克矛盾”和“诺思悖论”?这是当代经济社会理论中一个有待澄清的重要理论问题。尽管存在着“哈耶克矛盾”和“诺思悖论”,但哈耶克和诺思在人类社会演化变迁大方向的认识和理论主张上却是一致的,即他们都主张一个私有财产、自由选择、自由贸易、有限政府和法治化的市场经济制序。宗教信仰和社会观念体系在人类社会变迁过程中的作用,我们同样不可忽视。F. A. von Hayek and Douglass North were influential economists of the 20 th century in the world. Both of them were laureates of the Nobel Prize in Economics. They both constructed their theories based on their study of long history of human societies. In the Hayekian theory,he always stressed that all social orders in human societies were not created by human rational designed but spontaneously formed and emerged through a long process of social evolution. However,Hayek also proposed that every social order should rest on an ideology in his later book on Law,Legislation and Liberty. In the book Hayek also proposed to constitute two representative assemblies with distinctive functions in the Western democratic systems: one is the Legislative Assembly and the other is the Governmental Assembly,which is obviously utopian trying to rationally design a social and political system. Therefore,there was an obvious contradiction in the Hayekian theory. In Douglass North’s theory of institutional change,North proposed that the existence of a state was essential for economic growth;the state,however,is the source of manmade economic decline. North believed that the fundamental reason for the paradox was that there was trade-off between maximization of rents and that of taxation for any state ruler. Therefore,there was a persistent tension between the ownership structure which maximized the rents to the ruler( and his group) and efficient systems that reduced transaction costs and encouraged economic growth. This was called the Northian Paradox of State or the Northian Paradox in institutional economics. Even though there were the Hayek Contradiction and the Northian Paradox,Hayek and North had quite similar theoretical findings and propositions in the historical development of human societies. They both advocated for an economic and political order with private property,free choice,free trade,limited power of government,and the rule of law. Finally,this article also appeals to the study of the role of religious beliefs s

关 键 词：SOCIAL ORDERS IDEOLOGY SOCIAL INSTITUTION 哈耶克矛盾 诺思悖论 

分 类 号：F09[经济管理—政治经济学]