石质文物的生物风化及其防治研究进展  

Research progress on the bioweathering and controlling of stone cultural relics

作　　者：张永[1] 武发思[1,2,4,5] 苏敏 贺东鹏[3] 马文霞 汪万福[1,2,4,5] 冯虎元[1] ZHANG Yong;WU Fa-si;SU Min;HE Dong-peng;MA Wen-xia;WANG Wan-fu;FENG Hu-yuan(Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China;National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites,Dunhuang Academy,Dunhuang 736200,Gansu,China;Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering,Lanzhou Jiaotong University,Lanzhou 730000,China;Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation for Ancient Mural,State Administration for Cultural Heritage,Dunhuang 736200,Gansu,China;Gansu Province Key Laboratory for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites,Dunhuang 736200,Gansu,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学细胞活动与逆境适应教育部重点实验室,兰州730000 [2]敦煌研究院国家古代壁画与土遗址保护工程技术研究中心,甘肃敦煌736200 [3]兰州交通大学甘肃省极端环境微生物资源与工程重点实验室,兰州730000 [4]古代壁画保护国家文物局重点科研基地,甘肃敦煌736200 [5]甘肃省古代壁画与土遗址保护重点实验室,甘肃敦煌736200

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2019年第11期3980-3990,共11页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31500430,31560160);甘肃省科技计划项目(18JR3RA004);中国科学院“西部之光”人才培养引进计划项目资助~~

摘　　要：石质文物的生物风化问题普遍存在,随着全球气候与环境变化加剧,其面临的生物风化挑战日趋严峻,防风化任务愈趋紧迫.本文综述了地衣类微生物介导的石材风化机理及其与气候环境因子间的关系,讨论了地衣的生物保护作用和地衣防治中生物杀灭剂的效力评价,并展望了该领域未来的研究方向.对地衣-岩石界面的大量研究表明,生物风化可主要归因于以菌丝穿透和草酸钙形成为代表的生物物理风化和生物化学风化;露天石质文物的生物风化与包括石材基质、周边环境及气候因素等在内的整个生态系统多种非生物条件息息相关;地衣对石材兼具生物风化作用和生物保护效应.在石质文物风化修复方面,应逐步改善文物赋存的环境条件,建立用于生物风化和杀灭效率评估的行业规范和国家标准等"通用语言",推进石质文物的科学保护.The bioweathering of stone cultural relics is a ubiquitous problem. Weathering prevention is an escalating challenge under the increasing global climate and environmental changes. Here, the mechanisms of lichen-microorganism mediated weathering of stone materials and their relationships with climatic and environmental factors were reviewed. The biological protection of lichens and the evaluation of the efficacy of biocides in lichen-control were discussed. The potential research directions in this field were proposed. Research on lichen-rock interfaces suggested that biological weathe-ring could be mainly attributed to physical and chemical weathering which represented by mycelium penetration and calcium oxalate formation. Bioweathering of outdoor stone cultural relics is closely related with the whole ecosystem encompassing factors, such as stone matrix, surrounding environment, and climate factors. Lichens have both biological weathering and protection effects on stone heritage. For the restoration of bioweathered stone cultural relics, environmental conditions for pre-servation of stone cultural relics should be improved step by step. The related industry regulations and national standards for evaluating biological weathering and control efficiency should be established to promote the efficient development of scientific protection.

关 键 词：地衣 微生物 生物保护 杀灭剂防治 

分 类 号：Q94[生物学—植物学]