“后真相”与“假信息”：特朗普执政以来美国公共外交的新动向  

“Post-truth” and “Disinformation”:New Trends in American Public Diplomacy under the Trump Administration

作　　者：欧亚[1,2] 吉培坤 Ou Ya;Ji Peikun

机构地区：[1]外交学院外交学与外事管理系 [2]外交学院北京对外交流与外事管理研究基地,北京100037

出　　处：《国际论坛》2019年第6期112-124,159,共14页International Forum

基　　金：教育部重大攻关项目“中国特色大国外交研究”（项目编号：15JZD032）;外交学院外交学国家重点学科建设科研项目“从宣传到公共外交：公共外交演进逻辑的再思考”及外交学院中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“网络谣言的生成机制、传播路径与治理对策研究（项目编号：3162014ZYE05）”的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：2017年特朗普执政以来,美国公共外交调整了战略重点,试图将抗击外国政府发动的信息战确定为新的战略目标,并采取了若干对策。这一新动向是美国公共外交机构在国家安全观念及国家战略发生根本性转变的背景下,基于社交媒体重构社会信息系统、加速“后真相”效应的判断做出的决策。美国认为,外国政府将信息武器化,借助大数据和弱人工智能技术以更低的成本在网络空间散布误导性信息、捏造事实或选择性的数据等“假信息”来操纵舆论,同美国展开权力竞争;而社交媒体因其技术特性,在提高信息传播速度、扩大意见和观点数量的同时,也强化了公众接收信息的认知偏见,加剧了“诉诸感情与个人信念比客观事实更能影响舆论”的“后真相”效应。日趋复杂的信息环境叠加“后真相”效应令美国更难以向目标公众呈现有关美国的真相,在这种形势下,美国公共外交作为国家战略竞争的支点.试图通过强化对信息/网络领域资源的调动能力,回击外国政府发动的信息战,向世界说明一个“真实”的美国。但是,特朗普上任以来所信奉的“美国优先”核心政策理念及其本人罔顾真相的言行损害了美国公共外交长久以来奉行的准则,制造了推行这一目标无法回避的困境,也削弱了美国公共外交宣称“真相”的权力.Since Donald Trump took office in 2017, the U.S. has refocused its public diplomacy on combating foreign-sponsored disinformation and has taken several measures accordingly. Primarily, this adjustment, which occurs in an age when conceptions and strategies of national security are also being transformed, is based on an understanding of the "post-truth effects" that result from the social media’s transformative power on the social information system. The Trump administration holds that foreign states are trying to compete with the U.S. through by weaponizing information as they seek to manipulate public opinion by spreading false information, fabricating facts, or selectively releasing information, all at low costs thanks to big data and AI technology. While social media has increased the speed of information dissemination and the volume of opinions and ideas, it has also reinforced the public’s bias in processing information, amplifying the post-truth effect where appeals to emotions and personal conviction can have greater impact on public opinion than objective facts. The increasingly complex information environment compounded by the post-truth effect makes it even more difficult for the U.S. to present to target audiences objective information about the U.S.. Thus, American public diplomacy, regarded as one of the pillars of inter-state strategic competition, seeks to counter foreign-sponsored disinformation by strengthening information/cyber resources mobilization and presenting the "true" United States to the world. However, Trump’s "America First" strategy as well as his disregard for truth has caused a dilemma for American public diplomacy because he undermines the basic principles of public diplomacy, therefore weakening the ability of the U.S. to claims "truths."

关 键 词：后真相 假信息 公共外交 特朗普政府 国家战略竞争 

分 类 号：D50[政治法律—政治学]