化肥与有机肥或秸秆配施提高陇东旱塬黑垆土上作物产量的稳定性和可持续性  

Combining chemical fertilizer with organic manure or straw increase the yield stability and sustainability of maize and wheat in Loess Plateau of east Gansu Province

作　　者：王婷[1,3] 丁宁平 李利利 周海燕 尚来贵 WANG Ting;DING Ning-ping;LI Li-li;ZHOU Hai-yan;SHANG Lai-gui(Institute of Soil and Fertilizer and Water-saving Agriculture,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Gansu 730070,China;Pingliang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Pingliang,Gansu 744000,China;College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730000,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所,兰州730070 [2]甘肃省平凉市农业科学研究院,平凉744000 [3]甘肃农业大学农学院,兰州730000

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2019年第11期1817-1826,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目（31560584）;甘肃省农业科学院科研条件建设及成果转化项目（2017GAAS26）

摘　　要：【目的】明确陇东旱塬长期施肥黑垆土上春玉米-冬小麦轮作系统作物产量和水肥效应与降水年型的响应关系,为该地区不同降水年型的合理施肥提供参考依据。【方法】位于甘肃平凉的长期肥料定位试验始于1979年,试验设6个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、氮磷化肥配施(NP)、氮磷化肥配施秸秆(SNP)、单施有机肥(M)和氮磷化肥配施有机肥(MNP)。调查了试验38年玉米和小麦产量,依据降水量将生育年划分为干旱年、平水年和丰水年,分析不同降水年型下春玉米-冬小麦轮作系统长期施肥的产量变化稳定性、可持续性和肥料贡献率,降水利用率特征,探讨不同降水年型下产量、施肥和降水之间的关系。【结果】与N处理相比,NP、SNP、M和MNP处理冬小麦在干旱年、平水年和丰水年分别增产89.8%~151%、108%~174%和52.1%~102%,春玉米分别增产56.3%~99.9%、81.3%~104%和105%~127%。年降水量对冬小麦产量稳定性和可持续性影响较小,对春玉米影响较大。与N处理相比,三种降水年型下NP、SNP、M和MNP处理冬小麦和春玉米的肥料贡献率和降水利用率均显著提高,其中冬小麦在干旱年、丰水年肥料贡献率和降水利用率分别增加166%~198%、520%~654%和100%~164%、53.4%~105%,春玉米分别增加161%~218%、262%~289%和56.0%~99.2%、104%~125%。相同施肥处理下,NP、SNP、M和MNP处理冬小麦平水年和丰水年肥料贡献率分别较干旱年下降9.9%~23.3%和10.6%~23.3%,而春玉米丰水年较干旱年和平水年分别增加6.0%~25.0%和20.4%~27.7%。NP、SNP、M和MNP处理冬小麦平水年和丰水年水分利用率分别较干旱年下降2.2%~26.6%和22.3%~37.7%,而春玉米分别下降了41.9%~49.5%和10.9%~24.4%。回归分析表明,不论年降水量多寡,冬小麦和春玉米产量主要受施肥量和生育期降水影响。【结论】陇东旱塬不论年降水量多寡,氮磷与秸秆或有机肥配施与单施氮肥相比,均可显�【Objectives】The effect of different fertilization patterns on the yield increase of spring maize and winter wheat and the stability and sustainability of the increment were studied under different precipitation years,which will provide scientific basis for efficient management of nutrient resources in the crop production of rainfed area.【Methods】The study was based on the long-term fertilization experiment established in Pingliang City,Gansu Province in 1979. The experiment had lasted for 38 years, of which, the number of dry, normal and wet years was 9, 7 and 10 for winter wheat and 7, 2 and 3 for spring maize. There were six treatments, including: no fertilizer(CK), single chemical nitrogen fertilizer(N), nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer(NP), straw + nitrogenphosphorus fertilizer(SNP), single organic fertilizer(M) and organic fertilizer + nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer(MNP). We investigated the yields of winter wheat and spring maize, calculated yield stability and yield sustainable index(SYI), fertilizer contribution rate to yield(FCR) and rainfall use efficiency(RUE), and the relationships among the yield, fertilization patterns and precipitation.【Results】Compared with N treatment, the yields of winter wheat under NP, SNP, M, and MNP treatments significantly increased in all the dry, normal and wet years by 89.8%-151%, 108%-174%, and 52.1%-101.9%, the yields of spring maize were increased by56.3%-99.9%, 81.3%-104%, and 105%-127%, respectively. The precipitation did not affect the stability and sustainability of winter wheat yield significantly, but affected those of spring maize. Compared to N treatment,the FCR and RUE of winter wheat under NP, SNP, M, and MNP treatments in the dry and wet years were significantly increased by 166%-198%, 520%-654% and 100%-164%, 53.4%-105%, respectively, and those of spring maize were increased by 161%-218%, 262%-289% and 56.0%-99.2%, 104%-125%. Compared to the dry year and under the same fertilizer pattern, the FCR of winter wheat under NP, SNP, M and MNP treatment

关 键 词：长期施肥 降水年型 产量稳定性 产量可持续性指数 肥料贡献率 降水利用率 

分 类 号：S51[农业科学—作物学]