含2.5%基质材料尿素的氮缓释特性及其与作物生长吻合性  

Slow-release property of urea containing 2.5% additives and the fitness of nutrient supply with crop growth

作　　者：岳艳军 吴跃进[2,3] 杨阳 刘斌美[2,3] 倪晓宇 陶亮之[2,3] 余立祥 杨叶[2,3] 冯梦喜 钟雯瑾[1] YUE Yan-jun;WU Yue-jin;YANG Yang;LIU Bin-mei;NI Xiao-yu;TAO Liang-zhi;YU Li-xiang;YANG Ye;FENG Meng-xi;ZHONG Wen-jin(Henan Xinlianxin Chemical Industry Group Co.,Ltd.,Xinxiang 453731,China;Institute of Technical Biology&Agriculture Engineering,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hefei 230031,China;Engineering Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly and High Performance Fertilizer and Pesticide of Anhui Province,Hefei 230031,China)

机构地区：[1]河南心连心化学工业集团股份有限公司,河南新乡453731 [2]中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院技术生物与农业工程研究所,安徽合肥230031 [3]安徽省环境友好高效化肥农药工程实验室,安徽合肥230031

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2019年第11期2009-2018,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划（2017YFD0301302）;国家自然科学基金项目（31601828）;中国科学院科技服务网络计划区域重点项目（KFJ-STS-QYZD-008;KFJ-STS-ZDTP-054）;安徽省科技重大专项（18030701205）

摘　　要：【目的】在尿素中添加由改性蒙脱石和有机聚合粘结剂等组成的基质材料(>5%)生产的尿素具有缓释效果。本试验研究了将基质材料降低到国家标准允许的最高限量(2.5%)时肥料的缓释效果,为新型肥料的生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2016和2017年在合肥进行水稻和玉米田间试验。设置无氮对照、常规尿素和缓释尿素(含N 45.2%和基质材料2.5%)3个处理。调查了水稻抽穗期和玉米吐丝期株高、叶面积、根系表面积,分析了叶片叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,产量及其构成因素,并分析了水稻抽穗期和玉米吐丝期土壤矿质氮含量,评估了肥料氮素淋溶与氨挥发风险。利用室内淋溶实验模拟了缓释肥料氮素的淋出量变化。【结果】基于两年试验结果的平均值进行分析:与常规尿素相比,缓释尿素处理水稻植株增高了4.5%,玉米增高了12.4%;水稻叶面积提高了9.8%,玉米提高了11.5%;水稻根系表面积提高了9.5%,玉米提高了5.0%;叶片叶绿素含量水稻提高了18.5%,玉米提高了7.8%;叶片硝酸还原酶活性水稻提高了19.6%,玉米提高了20.3%;叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性水稻提高了17.7%,玉米提高了11.5%。与普通尿素相比,缓释尿素处理水稻增产17.2%(P<0.05),玉米增产6.6%(P>0.05)。缓释尿素处理可提高水稻单位面积有效穗数,但降低穗粒数;缓释尿素处理有提高玉米穗粒数和千粒重的趋势。通径分析表明,缓释尿素处理提高水稻产量的原因主要是提高了亩穗数,提高玉米产量的主要原因是提高了穗粒数。肥料氮素损失过程可以用逻辑斯谛方程拟合(P<0.01),缓释尿素比常规尿素具有较低的氮素淋溶和氨挥发风险。在水稻抽穗期,缓释尿素处理的土壤矿质氮含量比常规尿素处理提高9.2%(P<0.05);在玉米吐丝期,缓释尿素处理的土壤矿质氮含量比常规尿素处理提高18.1%(P<0.05)。缓释尿素处理较低的氮�【Objectives】The addition of additives,composed of modified montmorillonite and organic polymer adhesives,in urea has been proved of slow-releasing property in addition ratio of>5%.However,according to a recently released National Standard of China,functional materials in urea products should be≤2.5%.To date,there is little consensus about the performances of slow-release urea(SRU)with matrix materials at such low proportions.We developed a novel SRU with matrix materials at 2.5%,and studied its slow release property and effects on crop growth and yield attributes.【Methods】A two-year field experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017,following a randomized block design with three replicates.The experiment included three treatments,i.e.,the control test(CK,without N application),common urea(CU),and SRU.Nitrogen application rate was N150 kg/hm2 for rice and 195 kg/hm2 for maize.Shoot height,leaf area,root area,leaf chlorophyll concentration,leaf nitrate reductase activity,leaf glutamine synthetase activity,biomass,grain yield,yield components,fertilizer N leaching,fertilizer ammonia emission,and soil inorganic N concentration were assessed and compared among the treatments.Nitrogen loss via N leaching and ammonia emission was assessed in laboratory experiments.【Results】The means of the two-year data were compared.Compared with common urea,SRU treatment tended to increase plant height(by 4.5%for rice and 12.4%for maize),leaf area(by 9.8%for rice and 11.5%for maize),root area(by 9.5%for rice and 5.0%for maize),leaf chlorophyll concentration(by 18.5%for rice and 7.8%for maize),leaf nitrate reductase activity(by 19.6%for rice and 20.3%for maize),and leaf glutamine synthetase activity(by 17.7%for rice and 11.5%for maize).Compared with CU treatment,SRU treatment significantly increased biomass of rice and maize in both growing seasons(P<0.05).The yield increase of rice under SRU treatment was greater than that of maize.Rice grain yield in SRU treatment was 17.2%(P<0.05)greater than that in CU treatment;whil

关 键 词：基质肥料 缓释尿素 氮素损失 氨挥发 矿质氮 

分 类 号：S51[农业科学—作物学]