中国古代地图文化特色与成就探讨  

Discussion on the culture characteristics and achievements of Chinese ancient map

作　　者：梁启章[1] 齐清文[1] 姜莉莉[1] 梁迅[1] LIANG Qizhang;QI Qingwen;JIANG Lili;LIANG Xun(Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所/资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室

出　　处：《测绘科学》2019年第11期88-95,共8页Science of Surveying and Mapping

基　　金：科技部基础研究项目“《中国近代地图志》编研”

摘　　要：为了进一步认识中国古地图的文化价值及其对中华古文明的贡献,该文对照中华古文化划分的7个历史时期,解读了不同时期代表性古地图的文化特色与成就,初步发现"原始聚落图"与"狩猎路线图"记录了"夏商周"古文化雏形时期人类活动状态;"疆域图"与"墓穴图"表达了"春秋战国"文化奠基时期统治者关注重点;"驻军图""三维地形图"与"商业图"等,象征着"秦汉"中央集权文化时期频繁战事需求;进入"三国两晋南北朝"细腻文化时期,土地管理精准化开创了古地图科学,并完成了"地形方长图"等科学古地图;域外地图(西域与亚洲)与疆域政区图,标志着"隋唐"鼎盛时期中外文化交往成就,以及强化领土与政区管理需求;基于"制图七法"守令图,以及石刻图、印刷图的出现,标志了"宋元"灿烂文化时期古地图创新成就;享誉世界古代航海图、海防图,以及经纬度世界地图与内府舆图等,标志着"明清"多元文化推动的中国古地图走向近代地图之进步。总之,中国古地图属于古文化产品的重要组成部分,二则相互促进相互印证。In order to further understand the cultural value of ancient Chinese maps and its contribution to the ancient Chinese civilization,this paper compared with the seven historical periods of Chinese ancient culture,interpreted the cultural characteristics and achievements of representative ancient maps in different periods.It is preliminarily found that"Primitive Settlement map"and"Hunting Route map"recorded the human activities in the embryonic period of"Xia,Shang and Zhou"ancient culture;"Territory map"and"Tomb map"express the focus of rulers during the culture of foundation period of"ChunQiu ZhanGuo";The"Garrison map","3D topographic map"and"Business map"symbolized the need of frequent wars in the centralized culture of Qin and Han dynasties;During the period of refined culture during"Three Kingdoms,Two Jin,Southern and Northern dynasties",the precision of land management promoted the establishment of ancient map science,and completed the"Terrain Square map"and other scientific ancient maps;The external map(western region and Asia)and the map of territory and administrative region indicate the achievements of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries in the heyday of the Sui and Tang dynasties,as well as the need to strengthen the management of territory and administrative region;Based on the"Seven Methods of Cartography"and the appearance of"Shouling map",as well as the"stone engraving map"and"printing map",it marked the achievement of ancient maps of the period of splendid culture in Song and Yuan dynasties;It is well known in the world ancient navigation charts,coastal defense charts,as well as the world map and the map of inner government of longitude and latitude,etc.,marking the progress of the ancient Chinese map promoted by the"Ming and qing"multi-culture towards the modern map.In a word,ancient Chinese maps are an important part of ancient cultural products,and the two are mutually reinforcing.

关 键 词：古文化 古文化时期 古地图 古地图学 

分 类 号：P285[天文地球—地图制图学与地理信息工程]