清代前期山西吕梁山区的荒地问题与社会结构变动——以石楼县为例  

The Wasteland Problem and the Changing Social Structure in the Luliang Mountain Area of Shanxi Province in the Early Qing Dynasty: The Example of Shilou County

作　　者：张力 ZHANG Li(Center for Historical Geographical Studies,Fudan University)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史地理研究中心

出　　处：《清史研究》2019年第4期74-87,共14页The Qing History Journal

摘　　要：清代前期山西吕梁山区的荒地问题是清初战乱、灾害以及赋役负担下综合层累的结果。虽经豁免与调整,荒地问题仍以各种方式残存,对地方社会产生持续的影响。一方面,荒地亡丁的除豁使里甲体系进行了重组,但除豁与垦复中的弊病使里甲赋役体系的重建困难重重;另一方面,在垦荒压力下,一些地方逐渐形成本户和佃户县际互换的垦种模式,相沿数代后造成世佃问题。与此同时,大量荒地仍未开垦,且不断有新荒地产生。在荒地钱粮代纳摊赔的影响下,里甲及户族内部也呈现分离倾向。雍正时期石楼县世佃入籍和里甲合理摊派的一系列调整,在制度和事实上重新确立了人口与土地的结合。这些围绕荒地而产生的问题与调整,反映了北方土地贫瘠地区趋于分散的社会结构变动过程。In the early Qing Dynasty, the problem of wasteland in the Luliang Mountains of Shanxi Province was the result of the war, disasters, and tax burdens. Despite tax exemptions and adjustments, various problems related to wasteland remained and had a lasting impact on local society. On the one hand, the lijia system was restructured by the tax exemption for the population who had ?ed and for the wasteland, but the disadvantage of exemptions and reclamation made it dif?cult to rebuild the lijia system. On the other hand, under the pressure of reclamation, some places gradually formed divisions between households that reclaimed land and their tenants, and problem household becoming tenants for generations. At the same time, a large amount of wasteland had not been reclaimed, and new wasteland was constantly emerging. Influenced by the payment and compensation for wasteland, the lijia and households also showed a tendency to separate. In the Yongzheng period, a series of adjustments and the reasonable allocation within the lijia re-established the combination of population and land in system and fact. These problems and adjustments re?ect the process of structural social change that tended to be dispersed in the barren areas of northern China.

关 键 词：山西省 清代前期荒地问题世佃社会结构 

分 类 号：K249.3[历史地理—历史学]