互动式发展:新中国成立70年来生育政策与生育保障的演进及展望  

Interactive Development:the Evolution and Prospect of Fertility Policy and Maternity Security in the 70 Years since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

作　　者：沈澈 王玲[1] SHEN Che;WANG Ling

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学管理学院

出　　处：《社会保障研究》2019年第6期27-36,共10页Social Security Studies

摘　　要：新中国成立70年以来,中国生育政策的发展大致可分为四个阶段,即自由生育阶段、探索并确立计划生育政策阶段、严格执行计划生育阶段和计划生育政策放宽阶段。与此同时,生育保障也经历了从无到有、从职工到居民、从生育保障扩展到生育福利的变化过程。在这一历史时期,生育政策及生育保障制度呈互动式发展并日趋完善,政策目标从单一控制人口发展为实现人的全面发展,政策执行从“刚性手段”到“刚柔并济”。在取得一系列成绩的同时,中国的生育政策也面临社会生育意愿和生育水平持续降低、生育机会成本难以有效应对等现实挑战。中国应关注生育政策与其他制度的衔接与协调,提升女性生育保障并降低其机会成本,倡导积极科学的生育观。Since the founding of the People's Republic of China,the development of China's fertility policy can be roughly divided into four stages:the free birth stage,the exploration and establishment of the family planning policy stage,the strict implementation of the family planning policy stage,and the relaxation of the family planning policy stage.Meanwhile maternity security has also experienced a process of change from scratch,from employers to residents,from maternity protection to maternity benefits.The birth policy and maternity security system have been interactively developed and improved in this period of history.The policy objectives have evolved from single control of population to the realization of well-rounded human development.Policy implementation has ranged from"rigid"to"rigid and soft".While achieving a series of achievements,China's birth policy also faces real challenges,such as the continued decline in social fertility willingness and fertility levels,and the difficulty in effectively coping with the opportunity cost of birth.China should pay attention to the connection and coordination between the birth policy and other systems,improve women's maternity protection,reduce their opportunity cost,and advocate a positive and scientific conception of fertility.

关 键 词：生育政策 生育保障 新中国成立70年 互动发展 

分 类 号：C92[社会学—人口学]