拉美政治拉美政治中的“局外人”:概念、类别与影响  

The Political Outsiders in Latin America: Concepts,Categories,and Impacts

作　　者：王鹏[1,2] Wang Peng

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所 [2]中美洲和加勒比研究中心

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2019年第5期100-115,157,共17页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：第三波民主化浪潮以来,拉美政治进程的最显著现象之一就是“局外人”总统候选人的持续活跃。本文辨析和界定了“局外人”的概念,对拉美国家总统候选人进行归类,分析了这一现象产生的原因与影响,讨论了“局外人”与民粹主义者的关系。本文认为,“局外人”总统候选人的崛起源于拉美国家民主体制的巩固、选举制度设计的影响、政党体系的开放、政党格局的变动以及“局外人”候选人自身的比较优势。“局外人”总统候选人带给拉美国家民主体制的影响是相当微妙的:一方面,他们敢于指出政治体制中长期存在的弊病,批判了建制政党对选民的辜负;另一方面,对拉美国家民主体制的运行造成一系列负面影响。对拉美国家而言,“局外人”当选总统并非偶然、孤立的事件,而将是政治发展进程中一个反复出现的现象。拉美国家需要构建强有力的政党和制度化的政党体系,从而减少导致政治“局外人”产生和崛起的社会基础。Since the Third Wave of democratization in the late 1970s,political outsiders continue to be active in presidential elections in Latin America.This paper seeks to offer a concept of political outsiders based on their political experience and their position in the national party system,categorize accordingly those presidential candidates and presidents,and then explain the causes for their emergence and success in presidential elections.The author also tries to analyze the connections and differences between political outsiders and populists.It is concluded that political outsiders are a result of combined factors including sustained democratic consolidation,the increasingly modernized electoral system,the openness of party systems,the collapse of conventional party structures,and the comparative advantages of those outsiders themselves.Their political rise would be a persistent phenomenon in Latin American region,representing a process to uncover deeply-rooted problems in political institutions while at the same time,posing threats to democracy by causing deadlocks between the executive and the legislative sector,which impairs the stability of government and causes fragmentation of party system.It is a major challenge confronting regional countries to construct well-founded political parties as well as a party system with high degree institutionalization to reduce the hotbed for political outsiders.

关 键 词：拉美政治 选举 局外人 民粹主义 政党体系 

分 类 号：D773[政治法律—政治学]