基于叶片营养诊断的苹果园果树精准施肥模型研究  

Research on precision fertilization model in apple orchard based on leaf nutrition diagnosis

作　　者：张磊[1,2] 张宏建[1] 孙林林[2] 褚桂坤[2] 刘双喜 王金星[1,2] ZHANG Lei;ZHANG Hong-jian;SUN Lin-lin;CHU Gui-kun;LIU Shuang-xi;WANG Jin-xing(College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,Shandong Agricultural University,Taian Shandong 271018;Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machineries and Equipments,Taian Shandong 271018)

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学机械与电子工程学院,山东泰安271018 [2]山东农业大学山东省园艺机械与装备重点实验室,山东泰安271018

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2019年第6期212-222,共11页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：“十三五”国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0201104)—苹果园机械化施肥技术研发与集成;山东省高等学校科技计划(J15LF08);“双一流”奖补资金资助(SYL2017XTTD14)

摘　　要：针对苹果园缺乏精准施肥指导方法,造成果树养分供应比例不平衡、肥效低,导致果实质量不理想、品质不一致的问题,提出一种基于叶片营养诊断的苹果树精准施肥模型。首先,采用FCM-模糊聚类方法建立苹果树花量估测模型,根据花果叶理论中花量与果实的数量关系,估算苹果树的目标产量。其次,根据养分平衡法,对果树目标产量、土壤养分含量、肥料利用率以及肥料养分含量进行了分析,计算出果树的施肥总量,根据苹果树年生长周期的生长规律、需肥特性及叶片营养诊断结果,建立了苹果树的精准施肥模型。最后,在苹果园示范园内采用对照试验的方式进行施肥模型验证试验,比较两个对照组果园施肥量及果实品质结果。试验结果表明:(1)经验指导施肥导致施肥量变化幅度大、肥料用量大,施肥模型指导施肥使施肥量变化幅度小、肥料用量少,估测结果更加准确;(2)施肥模型指导施肥的果园相较于根据经验施肥的果园,果品质量明显提高:平均单果重增加37 g,果实硬度增加1.7 kg/cm^2,可溶性固形物增加2.5个百分点,果实着色面在60%以上的果实数量增加11.5个百分点。综上所述,基于叶片营养诊断的苹果园精准施肥模型能够提高果品质量,降低肥料浪费,实现科学指导苹果园施肥。In view of the fact that the lack of intelligent fertilization guidance in apple orchards results in imbalanced nutrient supply and low fertilizer efficiency of fruit trees which may lead to unsatisfactory fruit quality,this article proposed a precise fertilization model for apple trees based on their leaf nutrition diagnosis.Firstly,a model for estimating the flower number of apple trees based on FCM-Fuzzy Clustering was established.According to the fruit-leaf theory of apple trees,the relationship between flower number and fruit yield was deducted and the target yield of apple trees was estimated.Secondly,the total fertilization amount of fruit trees was calculated by analyzing the target yield of fruit trees,soil nutrient content,fertilizer utilization rate and fertilizer nutrient content in the nutrient balance method and the growth status,fertilizer requirement characteristics and leaf nutrition diagnosis in the annual growth cycle of apple trees were taken into consideration in order to formulate the fertilization system and establish the fertilization model.Finally,the fertilization model verification test in the demonstration apple orchards was conducted by means of contrast experiment,and the results of fertilization amount and fruit quality of two control groups were compared.The results showed that:(1)The experience guiding fertilization resulted in an obvious change in the big change of fertilizer amount and large fertilizer consumption,while the fertilization model guiding fertilization led to a slight change in the amount of fertilizer application and less fertilizer consumption,and the estimation result was more accurate.(2)The fruit quality of the orchard with fertilization model guiding fertilization was significantly improved compared with that of the orchard with experience guiding fertilization.The weight of single fruit was increased by 37 g in average,the hardness of fruit was enhanced by 1.7 kg/cm^2,the soluble solid content was increased by 2.5%,and the number of fruits with more than 60%

关 键 词：叶片营养诊断 苹果树 花量估测模型 早期产量估算 养分平衡法 施肥模型 

分 类 号：S66[农业科学—果树学]