汽车轻量化焊接技术发展现状与未来  

Development Status and Future Direction of Welding Technology in the Automotive Lightweight

作　　者：陈宇豪 薛松柏[1] 王博[1] 韩翼龙 CHEN Yuhao;XUE Songbai;WANG Bo;HAN Yilong(College of Material Science and Technology,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 211106)

机构地区：[1]南京航空航天大学材料科学与技术学院

出　　处：《材料导报》2019年第S02期431-440,共10页Materials Reports

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(51675269);江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目~~

摘　　要：随着人们对生活与生存环境质量的要求越来越高,“绿色环保、节能减排”已经成为我国社会的发展方向。汽车作为一种便民工具的同时也给能源和环境带来了负担。因此,各大汽车厂商都在为提高燃油效率、减少尾气排放设计解决方案。实现这些目标的一个有效方法就是降低汽车质量,汽车轻量化也由此成为汽车行业研究的热点。目前实现汽车轻量化的方法主要有优化结构设计、使用轻量化材料以及采用先进制造技术。在汽车轻量化技术途径中,使用轻量化材料替代部分钢材是一个主要的研究方向,如采用铝合金、镁合金等有色金属以及高强度钢、复合材料等。但是铝、镁合金与钢材在热物理性质和化学性质上存在着较大的差异,传统焊接技术很难得到可靠的铝-钢、镁-钢焊接接头。近年来,国内外学者对铝-钢、镁-钢的焊接进行了大量的研究并取得了许多重要成果,为汽车轻量化材料的应用奠定了理论基础。先进焊接技术的应用离不开相关材料焊接性能的提高和焊接工艺的改进,为了提高铝、镁合金与钢的焊接性能,许多研究者选择在钢的表面镀上一层金属,如Zn、Cu、Ni等。镀层金属在一定程度上改善了材料之间的润湿铺展,并使得界面处的连接方式得到改变,从而提高焊接接头的连接强度和焊接接头的可靠性。各种先进焊接技术的应用也突破了传统焊接技术的局限性。冷金属过渡技术是数字化控制与焊接过程结合的产物,实现了对热输入的精准控制,在选择适当工艺的情况下得到了理想的焊接效果。电弧熔-钎焊和激光焊接技术效率较高,在异种金属的连接中应用十分广泛。搅拌摩擦焊是一种新型的固相连接技术,其焊缝中存在冶金结合和机械结合两种结合方式,且所得的焊接接头美观、牢固,受到了人们的关注。火焰钎焊自动化程度高,焊接方式�With people’s increasingly high requirements on the quality of living environment,green environmental protection,energy conservation and emission reduction have become the development direction of our society.In order to reduce the burden on the environment and energy caused by automobiles,the lightweight of automobiles has become a critical topic in the automotive industry.At present,the methods for achieving lightweight vehicles are optimized structural design,the use of lightweight materials and the use of advanced manufacturing technologies.In the approach of automotive lightweight,it is a major research direction to use lightweight materials such as aluminum alloys,magnesium alloys,high strength steels and composite materials,instead of part of steels.However,due to the poor weldability between different materials,it is difficult to obtain reliable welded joints by using traditional welding techniques.In recent years,researchers have made many important achievements in the welding of aluminum-steel and magnesium-steel,which have laid a theoretical foundation for the use of lightweight materials.The application of advanced welding technology is closely related to material weldability and welding process.In order to improve the welding performance of aluminum and magnesium alloys and steel,many researchers choose to plate Zn,Cu,Ni,etc.on the surface of steel.The coated metal improves the wetting spread between the materials and changes the connection at the interface,thereby improving the joint strength and reliability of the welded joint.The application of various advanced welding techniques has also broken through the limitations of traditional welding techniques.The cold metal transition technology is a combination of digital control and welding process,which achieves precise control of the heat input and obtains the ideal welding effect when the appropriate process is selected.Arc melting-brazing and laser welding techniques are highly efficient and widely used in the connection of dissimilar metals.Fric

关 键 词：汽车轻量化 轻量化材料 铝-钢接头 焊接技术 

分 类 号：TG47[金属学及工艺—焊接]