僵尸企业出清新解:强制注销的制度安排  

A New Approach of Clearing out Zombie Enterprises: Compulsory Deregistration System

作　　者：张钦昱[1] Zhang Qinyu

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《法学杂志》2019年第12期32-45,共14页Law Science Magazine

基　　金：中国政法大学科研创新项目“深化供给侧结构性改革下市场出清机制研究”(项目编号:19ZFG82012);中国政法大学钱端升杰出学者支持计划(项目编号:DSJCXZ180413);国家社会科学基金青年项目“改革开放40年来中国重要经济立法的方法论研究”(项目编号:19CFX064)的阶段性成果;青年教师学术创新团队支持计划(项目编号:19CXTD07、18CXTD04);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金资助

摘　　要：法庭内市场退出的破产制度,法庭外市场退出的吊销制度及年报、简易注销制度的改革,均难为僵尸企业出清提供具有约束性、长效性、制度化的法律供给,强制注销制度的引入具有理论和实践价值。强制注销不是行政处罚行为,不增加企业义务负担;不是行政许可行为,不以保障各方权益为立足点;是行政确认行为,不创设新的实体权利与义务,只是将企业"名存实亡"状态公示,产生公信力。部分市场化国家和地区存在丰富的强制注销立法例,我国各地在试点实践中存在审查流于形式、程序繁琐拖沓、缺乏相应的容错机制等弊端,其良性实施须在市场失灵与政府失灵之间找到平衡。应采民商事权利二分模式引入强制注销制度,明确程序发生事由和启动程序,为利益相关者及错误注销的企业提供救济途径。Market withdrawal system within court such as bankruptcy, out of court system such as suspension and several reformation institutions such as annual report and simplification of deregistration cannot provide binding, long-term and institutionalized methods for the zombie companies’ withdrawal from the market. Thus, compulsory deregistration has theoretical and practical value. Compulsory deregistration does not belong to administrative punishment, and it does not increase the burden on enterprises. Compulsory deregistration does not belong to administrative permission, and it does not aim at protecting interests of parties concerned. Compulsory deregistration belongs to administrative affirmation, and it does not create substantive new rights and obligation. Via publish enterprises’ status of nominal existence, compulsory deregistration ensures the fact that the enterprises have already withdrawn the market. Many marketized countries or regions have compulsory deregistration system. When several regions all over China are making experiments of deregistration system, some issues spring up, such as casual censorship, overcomplicating procedure, absence of fault-tolerant mechanism. Balancing between market failure and government failure is crucial for the compulsory deregistration system performing well. The dichotomy of civil and commercial rights should be introduced into compulsory deregistration system. The occurrence causes of procedure and the initiation proceeding should be clarified, so as to provide remedies for stakeholders and enterprises which are wrongly deregistered.

关 键 词：僵尸企业 低效企业 强制注销 依职权注销 简易注销 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]