过错优先:环境污染侵权中行为人过错的功能分析  

Fault Priority: Functional Analysis of the Actor’s Fault in Environmental Pollution Tort

作　　者：胡卫[1] Hu Wei(Law School of GuiZhou University,Guiyang Guizhou 550025)

机构地区：[1]贵州大学法学院

出　　处：《政法论丛》2019年第6期113-125,共13页Journal of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“从恢复原状生态化到环境修复责任独立化研究”(18BFX180);2018年度最高人民法院司法研究重大项目“水资源与水生态环境司法保护机制研究”;贵州省社科规划课题“环境修复的司法逻辑与规范配置研究”(17GZYB03)阶段性成果

摘　　要：环境污染侵权是一个过错与无过错交错的领域,不应将过错责任与无过错责任区分绝对化,当环境污染侵权中出现过错的情况下,应确立过错优先规则,由法官主动适用过错规则对行为人追责,而不应由当事人自由选择。司法实践中,过错因素对无过错领域的环境污染侵权产生了重大的影响,修正了环境污染侵权一元归责体系,并对污染侵权责任主体、因果关系的确定发挥着重要作用。过错还与环境侵权责任方式的适用有着特定联系,停止侵害的适用需要考虑过错或违法性,精神损害赔偿、赔礼道歉等责任也与过错相关,惩罚性赔偿更以行为人主观上有故意为前提。过错还极大地影响着生态环境损害赔偿金和修复费用的确定,也与多元责任主体之间责任比例的区分有着密切关联。生态环境修复责任的适用,应考虑行为人的主观过错和违法性,合法排污者原则上不应适用。Environmental pollution tort is a field where fault and no-fault are interlaced, so fault liability and no-fault liability should not be absolutely distinguished. When the fault occurs in environmental pollution tort, the rule of fault priority should be established. It should be so that judges actively use fault rules to investigate the responsibility of the actor rather than allowing the parties to choose freely. Fault factors have an important impact on environmental pollution tort in the field of no-fault in judicial practice, which not only amends the monistic liability system of environmental pollution tort, but also plays an important role in determining the subject of the environmental pollution tort liability and the causality. In addition, fault has a specific matching relationship with the application of the way of environmental tort liability. It needs to consider fault or illegality for the application of ceasing the infringing act, Such liabilities as compensation for mental damage and making a formal apology usually need fault, and the subjective intent of the actor is the premise of punitive damages. Moreover, fault not only greatly affects the determination of compensation for damage and costs for repair for ecological environment, but also has a close relationship with the distinction of the proportion of liabilities among the multiple subjects of liability. The application of the ecological environment restoration liability should consider the subjective fault and illegality of the actor, which should not be applied to the legitimate polluters in principle.

关 键 词：环境污染 侵权责任 过错 无过错 

分 类 号：DF468.3[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]