明代金银冥钱的考古发现与初步研究  

Archaeological Discovery and Preliminary Study of the Gold and Silver Hell Money in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：聂振阁 NIE Zhen-ge(School of History and Culture,Henan University,Kaifeng,Henan,475001)

机构地区：[1]河南大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《东南文化》2019年第6期81-94,共14页Southeast Culture

摘　　要：明代金银冥钱使用数量毫无规律可循,但存在象征墓主享年的现象,这种丧葬习俗的文化内涵尚不明确。其钱文内容以道教类、佛教类为大宗,表达的主旨是希望墓主早升仙界或早登极乐。其摆放位置以口含、垫背为主,但也有覆在额部、挂在心前、握在手中的状况,寓意各有不同。其葬入时间主要为大殓仪节,但也存在迁葬或合葬的过程中增添的现象。其制造机构有官方的银作局、王府的典宝所或典服所和宫观、经堂、寺庙等宗教场所,另外民间私户也可制造。其时空分布、数量多寡、摆放位置和钱文内容主要受到丧葬习俗及宗教信仰的影响,而质地、尺寸和重量与墓主身份等级的高低和其家族经济实力的强弱关系不大。根据其发展与演变,可将其分为洪武一永乐前、永乐后一正统、天顺一正德及嘉靖一崇祯四期,各期特点显著。There seems to be no certain rule regarding the amount of the gold and silver hell money to be used in the Ming dynasty,although in some cases the amount of the money did represent the age of the deceased.The cultural connotation of this funeral practice has yet to be clearly identified.Most of the inscriptions noted on the hell money were related to Taoism and Buddhism and the intention was mainly to express the good wish for the deceased to achieve immortality or ascend to heaven early.These golds and silvers were often placed in the mouth or under the back of the deceased,sometimes on the forehead,on the chest,or held in hands,each with different implied meanings.They were normally put in during the funeral ceremony;there are also examples that they were added when the burial was relocated or another deceased was added.They were mainly manufactured by official agencies such as the Bureau of Silver Production and the Seals Office or the religious venues such as temples,monasteries,or sutra halls;some were manufactured by private households.While the distribution,amount,position of placement,and inscription contents of the gold and silver hell money were mainly influenced by the funeral customs and religious beliefs,their material,size and weight had little to do with tomb occupant’s social status and family economic strength.According to its development and transformation,the hell money of golds and silvers can be divided into four categories with distinctive characteristics:pre-Hongwu to Yongle,post-Yongle to Zhengtong,Tianshun to Zhengde,and Jiajing to Chongzhen.

关 键 词：明代 墓葬 金银 冥钱 

分 类 号：K871.45[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]