灌水时间和灌水比例对单套作玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响  

Effects of Irrigation Time and Ratio on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Maize Under Monoculture and Intercropping

作　　者：彭霄 蒲甜 杨峰 杨文钰 王小春 PENG Xiao;PU Tian;YANG Feng;YANG WenYu;WANG XiaoChun(College of Agronomy,Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China,Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation,Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学农学院/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2019年第21期3763-3772,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFD03002009);西南丘陵旱地粮油作物节水节肥节药综合技术集成与示范(20150312705);四川省育种攻关项目(2016NYZ0051-2);成都市农业技术成果应用示范项目(2015-NY01-00100-NC)

摘　　要：【目的】探究不同灌水比例和灌水时间对单套作玉米产量及其水分利用效率的影响,为构建套作复合群体水分高效管理技术提供依据。【方法】采用自动式遮雨棚水分精量控制,2016—2017年连续2年在灌溉定额4050 m3·hm-2条件下,设置2种种植模式(单作A1、套作A2)、3种灌水比例(播种水25%+拔节水25%+抽雄水25%+灌浆水25%,B1;播种水25%+拔节水25%+抽雄水15%+灌浆水35%,B2;播种水25%+拔节水35%+灌浆水40%,B3)两因素随机区组试验。研究不同种植模式下灌水时间和灌水比例对玉米生育期内土壤含水量、棵间蒸发量、耗水特征、产量及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】相同的灌溉定额下,玉米拔节后单作土壤含水量比套作平均高出16.60%,拔节期—成熟期套作棵间蒸发量平均较单作高出23.60%;单套作耗水强度高峰期均为拔节—抽雄期,日耗水强度最高达到7.21 mm·d-1,耗水量占全生育期21.62%—31.67%,拔节期后套作阶段耗水强度均显著高于单作,平均高出3.68%;单作玉米产量在播种水25%+拔节水35%+灌浆水40%时达最高,平均较单作其他处理提高16.49%,水分利用效率平均提高11.71%,而套作则在灌水处理为播种水25%+拔节水25%+抽雄水15%+灌浆水35%时,穗粒数、有效穗数平均较其他灌水处理增加4.47%、6.97%,从而使产量平均增加22.07%,水分利用效率平均提高19.11%。【结论】本试验灌溉定额为4050 m3·hm-2下,播种、拔节期、灌浆期分别灌水25%、35%、40%有利于提高单作玉米产量,而套作玉米采用宽窄行带状栽培则需要增加一次灌水时间,在播种、拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期分别灌水25%、25%、15%、35%有利于提高其产量及水分利用效率。The effects of different irrigation proportion and irrigation time on yield and water use efficiency of monoculture and intercropping maize were studied to provide a basis for the high efficient water management technology for intercropped maize.【Method】The experiment was conducted with two factors randomized block by using automatic rain shelter from 2016-2017,the planting mode and irrigation ratio under the irrigation quota of 4050 m3·hm-2.Planting mode included monoculture and intercropping.The irrigation ratio included B1(sowing water(25%)+jointing water(25%)+tasseling water(25%)+filling water(25%)),B2(sowing water(25%)+jointing water(25%)+tasseling water(15%)+filling water(35%)),and B3(sowing water(25%)+jointing water(35%)+filling water(40%)).the effects of irrigation time and proportion on soil water content,inter-plant evaporation,water consumption characteristics,yield and water use efficiency of maize in different planting patterns were studied.【Result】The results showed that under the same irrigation quota,the soil moisture content for the monoculture maize at the jointing stage was 16.60%higher while it was 23.60%lower from jointing stage to maturity stage than that of intercropped maize.The peak stage of water consumption intensity of monoculture and intercropping was at jointing-tasseling stage,and the maximum daily water consumption intensity reached 7.21 mm·d-1,occupied by 21.62%-31.67%of the whole growth period.However,the water consumption intensity of intercropping after jointing stage was significantly higher than that of monoculture by 3.68%.The yield of monoculture maize reached the highest in B3 treatment,it was 16.49%higher than other monoculture treatments,and the water use efficiency was 11.71%higher.However,for intercropped maize,the kernels per spike and effective spike in B2 treatment was 4.47%and 6.97%higher than other irrigation treatments which lead the average yield increased 22.07%,and WUE increased 19.11%.【Conclusion】Under the irrigation quota of 4050 m3·hm-2 in th

关 键 词：套作 玉米 棵间蒸发量 产量 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S51[农业科学—作物学]