明清时代的帝制与封建  

Analysis on Chinese Emperorship and Feudalism System in Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：赵轶峰[1] ZHAO Yi-feng

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学亚洲文明研究院

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第1期74-85,I0003,共13页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“史学与社会——当代亚洲四国史学演变比较研究”(13JJD770006)

摘　　要："封建"在中国历史文献中是讨论国家权力基本配置的轴心性概念,其内涵高度一致,且与欧洲中古封建主义接近,皆以层级分权与世袭贵族全面特权以及与之相应的土地分割领有和强硬的人身依附关系为基本特征,但中国封建制占主导地位,时在先秦。秦以后皇权与郡县、官僚鼎足支撑的帝制体系成为主导,封建蜕变为补充性制度并伴随帝制始终。明代封建,表现于皇室藩封、沐氏世守云南、土司与羁縻、武臣世袭与品官荫蔽制、周边附属国朝贡等方面。清代封建表现在清初八旗旗主与王贝勒议政及设置"三藩"、王贝勒世袭、八旗等级附庸以及继续明代的周边附属国朝贡、土司与羁縻、武臣世袭与品官荫蔽制等方面。两代封建表现有同有异,并非简单因袭。明清时人留下大量有关封建言论,概念内涵一致,都是与郡县对应的一种制度选择。朱元璋以复封建为家天下之谋,清帝规避封建名目却做诸多封建性制度安排,多数思想者从民本出发,认为封建与郡县各有局限,主张因应帝制一统现实,以郡县为主而参用封建。现代史学对明清封建进行探讨,应取历史文献基本含义。"Fengjian"is a crucial term concerning state power structure in Chinese historical materials.Without ambiguity in all related documents,the meaning of this term is basically the same as that of Feudalism in European history,referring to stratified power structure featured with hereditary privileges of the nobility and corresponding feoff system and strong personal bandage.Such a system with a dominated structure can be seen only in pre-Qin times in Chinese history,which is earlier than that in the West.From Qin to Qing,the dominating imperial monarchy is based upon imperial power,provincial and county system,and professionalized bureaucracy,while the Feudalism is reduced to a supplementary structure.The feature of Qing Feudalist practices is similar to yet different from that of the Ming.The decisive power of the lords of the Eight Banners,the early Qing so called three princes,the heredity of the princes and smaller nobilities,and personal dependency within the Eight Banners are newer practices of Feudalist nature.Ming and Qing thinkers have discussed the Feudalism extensively and considered Feudalism a basic political option.Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang revives Feudalist practice for his own interest,while the Emperors of the Qing avoid the name of Feudalism but make some arrangements with feudalist nature.Most thinkers talk about Feudalism in terms of humanity and hold that feudalist policies should be partially adopted under the umbrella of imperial monarchy.Modern historians should pay more attention to the original meaning of Fenjian,other than injecting other meanings into it.

关 键 词：明清 封建 郡县 帝制 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] K249[历史地理—中国史]