覆膜和灌水对科尔沁沙地垄沟种植玉米产量和水分利用特征的影响  

Effects of Film Mulching and Irrigation on Yield and Water Use Characteristic of Maize with Ridge-furrow Cultivation in Horqin Sandy Land, Northeastern China

作　　者：何钊全 尚雪 张铜会 云建英[2,3] HE Zhaoquan;SHANG Xue;ZHANG Tonghui;YUN Jianying(School of Life Sciences,Yan’an University,Yan’an 716000,China;Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,China;Naiman Desertification Research Station,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Tongliao 028300,China)

机构地区：[1]延安大学生命科学学院,陕西延安716000 [2]中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院,甘肃兰州730000 [3]中国科学院奈曼沙漠化研究站,内蒙古通辽028300

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2020年第1期129-140,共12页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目（41371053;30972422;51669034;51809224）;国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFC0506706;2017YFC0504704）;博士科学研究启动项目（YDBK2019-49）

摘　　要：在半干旱区,有限的水资源影响着灌溉农业的可持续发展,探索作物产量-水分关系是确定作物合理灌溉制度的研究重点。该试验设计11个处理:垄沟全覆膜雨养处理,QF;全生育期分别供水650、500、400 mm(灌溉+降水)的膜下滴灌(垄覆膜)处理,SMD、MMD、LMD;浅埋滴灌(埋于垄面)处理,SDD、MDD、LDD;传统平作漫灌处理,SGG、MGG、LGG;对照为当地平作充分漫灌处理,NM。通过2018年田间试验研究不同覆膜方式结合不同灌溉水平的垄沟种植模式对玉米产量-水分关系的影响,探索有利于提高科尔沁沙地玉米产量和水分利用效率的高效节水模式。结果表明:灌水量(Ai)与玉米耗水量(ETc)、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)分别呈正线性关系(R2=0.95-1)、二次曲线和负线性关系。相比NM处理,垄沟种植模式提高了玉米产量和WUE,减少了ETc和作物系数(kc)。其中,QF的ETc(292 mm)极显著低于其他节水模式(P<0.01),和NM处理相比,Ai节省了649 mm,产量增加了2.24%,WUE达到最大值6.30 kg·m^−3,极显著高于其他种植模式(P<0.001)。同时,QF处理的玉米净经济效益(NP)高达20874.69 yuan·hm^−2,投入产出比达到2.01。DD处理的玉米产量和投入产出比均最大,但是WUE极显著低于QF处理(P<0.001)。综上所述,垄沟全覆膜雨养(垄沟比为50꞉30,灌溉量为38 mm)为获得高产、高水分利用效率以及高经济效益的最佳节水种植模式,可在科尔沁沙地可以适当推广该种植模式。研究结果可为缓解区域地下水过度利用状况、确定生态农业灌溉制度和科学规划作物种植结构提供理论依据,以期实现区域生态农业可持续发展。Elaborating the relationship between crop yield and water through efficient agricultural water-saving technology is the focus of the crop irrigation scheduling,because water scarcity threatens the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in semi-arid regions.In our study,eleven treatments were set up:ridge-furrow planting systems(RFPS)with plastic film mulching on both ridges and furrows and without water supply after seed emergence,abbreviated as QF;RFPS with drip irrigation under plastic film on continuous ridges,and with three water supply(irrigation plus precipitation)levels of 650 mm,500 mm,and 400 mm during the whole growing season,abbreviated as SMD,MMD,LMD,respectively;RFPS with subsurface drip irrigation on continuous ridges,and with the same water supply to MD,abbreviated as SDD,MDD,LDD,respectively;conventional flat planting with flood irrigation,and with the same water supply to MD,abbreviated as SGG,MGG,LGG,respectively;localized flat planting with full flood irrigation,NM.we aimed to develop a promising efficient water-saving strategy to boost maize productivity and water use efficiency in Horqin sandy land through the study on yield-water relationship responses of maize to the RFPS of different film mulching methods combined with various irrigation levels in the field experiment in 2018.The main results showed that,the positively linear relationship(R2 of 0.95‒1),quadratic curve,and negative linear relationship was observed between irrigation water(Ai)and water consumption(ETc),grain yield,water use efficiency(WUE),respectively.Comparing with NM,RFPS remarkably improved yield of maize,decreased ETc,crop coefficient(kc),and enhanced WUE.ETc of QF(292 mm)was highly lower than those of the other water saving approaches(P<0.01),irrigation water saved by 649 mm,yield increased by 2.24%compared to NM,and WUE reached peak of 6.3 kg·m^−3,which was remarkably higher than the other treatments(P<0.001).Meanwhile,the net profit(NP)of QF was as high as 20874.69 yuan·hm^−2,profit:cost ratio of maize reach

关 键 词：垄沟种植模式 耗水量 作物系数 产量 水分利用率 

分 类 号：S157.4[农业科学—土壤学] X171.1[农业科学—农业基础科学]