水肥“三匀”技术对水稻水、氮利用效率的影响  

Effects of methodical nitrogen-water distribution management on water and nitrogen use efficiency of rice

作　　者：杨志远[1] 李娜[1] 马鹏 严田蓉 何艳[1] 蒋明金[1] 吕腾飞[1] 李郁 郭翔[2] 胡蓉 郭长春[1] 孙永健[1] 马均[1] YANG Zhi-Yuan;LI Na;MA Peng;YAN Tian-Rong;HE Yan;JIANG Ming-Jin;LYU Teng-Fei;LI Yu;GUO Xiang;HU Rong;GUO Chang-Chun;SUN Yong-Jian;MA Jun(Rice Research Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,Sichuan,China;Sichuan Agro-meteorological Center,Chengdu 610072,Sichuan,China;High Quality Seed Production Station of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 610210,Sichuan,China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学水稻研究所/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室,四川成都611130 [2]四川省农业气象中心,四川成都610072 [3]四川省原良种试验站,四川成都610210

出　　处：《作物学报》2020年第3期408-422,共15页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301701,2017YFD0301706);四川省教育厅重点项目(18ZA0390)资助~~

摘　　要：本研究通过3个裂区试验探究水肥“三匀”技术对水稻水、氮利用效率的影响。试验1和试验2土壤基础肥力不同,处理一致,主区为氮高效品种德香4103和氮低效品种宜香3724,副区为农民习惯施肥模式(farmer’s usual management,FU)、水肥耦合模式(nitrogen-water coupling management,NWC)、水肥“三匀”模式(methodical nitrogenwater distribution management,MNWD,采用灌溉水和氮肥投入增频减量一体化的方式),以各自不施氮肥为对照;试验3主区为氮高效品种德香4103、F优498及氮低效品种宜香3724、川优6203,副区为FU、NWC及MNWD。结果表明,MNWD施氮量较NMC和FU降低20%,灌溉水较NMC减少20%~25%,较FU减少42%~48%。MNWD茎蘖缓升缓降,成穗率较高,与NWC和FU相比,其花前物质转运量较低,但花后光合产物积累多,与NWC产量差异不显著,较FU平均增产8.77%~14.18%。相关分析显示,10~20 cm及20~30 cm土层稻株根干重与氮肥回收率、氮肥农学利用率、灌溉水生产效率及水分生产效率显著正相关,MNWD水稻根量大,分布于10 cm以下土层的根系发达,利于水氮利用效率提高。与NWC和FU相比,MNWD氮肥回收率平均提高8.07%~11.99%和20.72%~30.78%,农学利用率平均提高17.44%~27.38%和96.47%~101.42%,灌溉水生产效率平均提高23.34%~36.67%和76.54%~117.38%,水分生产效率平均提高8.41%~17.66%和32.23%~65.29%。This study included three split-plot designed experiments.Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted in two fields with varied soil fertility and consistent treatment.Two rice varieties(Dexiang 4103,high NUE;Yixiang 3724,low NUE)were set as main plot.The sub-plot contained six nitrogen-water management modes(farmer’s usual management,FU;nitrogen-water coupling management,NWC;methodical nitrogen-water distribution management,MNWD;and their respective nitrogen-free controls).The main plot of Exp.3 was two high NUE varieties(Dexiang 4103,Fyou 498)and two low NUE varieties(Yixiang 3724,Chuanyou 6203);FU,NWC,and MNWD assembled the sub-plot.MNWD adopted the method of increasing frequency and reducing quantity,thus the nitrogen application rate was reduced by 20%compared with NWC and FU,the irrigation water amount was reduced by 20%to 25%compared with NWC,and 42%to 48%compared with FU.The stem number of MNWD changed smoothly and its ear bearing tiller percentage was higher.Compared with NWC and FU,the photo assimilation before anthesis MNWD had less,dry matter transportation before anthesis and high accumulation of assimilate after anthesis.The grain yield of MNWD was similar to that of NWC,while 8.77%–14.18%higher than that of FU.Correlation analysis showed that the dry weight of roots in 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm soil layers were significantly and positively correlated with nitrogen recovery efficiency(NRE),nitrogen agronomy efficiency(NAE),irrigation water production efficiency(IWPE)and water production efficiency(WPE).MNWD had a large amount of root system distributed in the soil layer below 10 cm,which was conducive to the improvement of water and nitrogen utilization efficiency.Compared with NWC and FU,MNWD increased NRE by 8.07%–11.99%and 20.72%–30.78%,NAE by 17.44%–27.38%and 96.47%–101.42%,IWPE by 23.34%–36.67%and 76.54%–117.38%,WPE by 8.41%–17.66%and 32.23%–65.29%,respectively.

关 键 词：水稻 水肥“三匀”技术 产量 水分生产效率 氮肥利用效率 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]