海湾国家的外籍移民问题与劳工本土化的探索  

Non-national Immigration Issues and Implementation of Labor Localization in the Gulf States

作　　者：王方[1] 闫伟[2] Wang Fang;Yan Wei

机构地区：[1]暨南大学外国语学院,广州510632 [2]西北大学中东研究所,西安710069

出　　处：《西亚非洲》2020年第1期73-95,共23页West Asia and Africa

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“阿拉伯国家政治继承问题研究”(18ASS005)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20世纪70年代以来,海湾国家本文涉及的海湾国家指海湾合作委员会六国。的石油经济的繁荣和人口匮乏导致各国对外籍劳工的需求剧增。外籍移民大体经历了从“阿拉伯化”到“南亚化”的演变。外籍劳工蜂拥而入衍生的连锁效应使海湾国家失业率不断攀升,本土传统文化和社会秩序受到冲击和挑战。80年代至今,海湾各国试图通过在企业中强制推行本土劳工配额制和增加薪金补贴,以及限制外籍劳工比例和加大用工成本等举措,竭力实现劳动力的本土化,以便缓解就业压力,推动经济增长,维持社会稳定。但劳工雇佣规律主要受市场供求关系的制约,同时劳工素质及其诉求也在发生作用。故此,海湾国家劳工本土化的探索成效有限,并未真正触及这一问题的症结。事实上,对于海湾国家来说,移民和劳工问题在很大程度上是一个涉及多元变革的系统工程,特别是在石油价格走低、海湾人口膨胀的态势下,将长期考验海湾各国政府对移民与劳工问题的管控智慧和治理能力。Since the 1970s,the oil boom and population shortage in the Gulf states have led to a sharp increase in the demand for non-national workers in various countries,which has largely experienced the evolution from“Arabization”to“South Asianization”.However,the chain effect of massive non-national labor influx is the rising unemployment rate in the Gulf states,and the traditional mainstream culture and social order are impacted and challenged.Since the 1980s,especially in recent years,the Gulf states have tried to achieve“labor localization”by enforcing such measures as the local labor quota system and increasing salary subsidies in enterprises,as well as restricting the proportion of non-national workers and increasing labor costs,so as to alleviate employment pressure,promote economic growth,and maintain social stability.Nevertheless,according to the theory of economics,the law of employment is mainly restricted by the relationship between supply and demand of the market,and the quality of workforce and their demands are also playing a role.Therefore,the implementation of labor localization in the Gulf states has had limited success and not really touched the deep-seated crux of the immigration problem.In fact,for the Gulf states,immigration and labor issues are largely a systematic project involving multiple changes,especially in the case of lower oil prices and the expansion of the Gulf population,which will test the Gulf government’s governance capabilities and monitoring wisdom for a long time.

关 键 词：移民问题 外籍劳工 海湾国家 本土化 南亚 

分 类 号：F249.1[经济管理—劳动经济] D523.8[经济管理—国民经济]