留膜留茬免耕栽培对旱作玉米田土壤养分、微生物数量及酶活性的影响  

Effect of no-tillage with film and stubble residues on soil nutrients, microbial populations and enzyme activity in dryland maize fields

作　　者：张建军[1,2] 党翼 赵刚[1] 王磊[1] 樊廷录[1,2] 李尚中[1] 雷康宁 ZHANG Jian-jun;DANG Yi;ZHAO Gang;WANG Lei;FAN Ting-lu;LI Shang-zhong;LEI Kang-ning(Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730070, China;The Key Laboratory of Efficiency Water Utilization of Dryland Farming of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所,甘肃兰州730070 [2]甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《草业学报》2020年第2期123-133,共11页Acta Prataculturae Sinica

基　　金：国家自然基金(41561067);甘肃省自然基金(18JR3RA255,17JR5RA182);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503124);国家玉米产业技术体系(CARS-02-55);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0100206);甘肃省农业科学院院列重点研发计划(2019GAAS28)资助

摘　　要：为了探讨不同耕作和覆盖方式对陇东黄土旱塬农田耕层土壤养分、土壤容重、酶活性及微生物数量的影响。采用随机区组设计,设置留膜留茬免耕栽培(T)和全膜双垄沟播栽培(CK)2个处理,测定不同生育时期0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm 3个土层土壤养分含量、水解酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶)活性及微生物(细菌、放线菌、真菌)数量等指标。结果表明:与CK相比,留膜留茬免耕栽培显著(P<0.05)提高了收获期表层(0~10 cm)土壤有机质、全量磷钾及速效磷钾含量,随土层深度增加,有机质及全量和速效磷钾含量均呈递减趋势。碱解氮含量在0~20 cm土层降低,在20~40 cm土层出现聚集。留膜留茬免耕栽培显著(P<0.05)增加了0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层土壤容重,增幅为7.1%~12.4%。不同耕作方式玉米0~40 cm土层微生物数量为细菌>放线菌>真菌。耕作方式对不同土层各生育期土壤微生物数量整体上影响显著(P<0.05),为T>CK。同一生育期随土层深度增加,土壤微生物数量整体上呈减少趋势,以表层(0~10 cm)最高,为T>CK。与CK相比,T的细菌和真菌在苗期、拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期、收获期分别增加23.7%、64.5%、7.6%、44.0%、5.6%和31.1%、91.7%、85.7%、10.5%、33.3%。放线菌在苗期、拔节期、收获期分别增加79.8%、15.1%、17.6%,抽雄期、灌浆期分别减少17.2%、33.2%。耕作方式对不同土层各生育期土壤酶活性整体上影响显著(P<0.05),为T>CK。同一生育期随土层深度增加,酶活性逐渐降低,以表层(0~10 cm)最高,T效果优于CK,与CK相比,T的蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶在玉米全生育期增幅分别为4.7%~126.1%、9.8%~47.0%、5.4%~33.7%、2.3%~43.2%。相关分析表明:土壤酶活性之间呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关,细菌与蔗糖酶显著(P<0.05)相关,与磷酸酶极显著(P<0.01)相关,放线菌与土壤酶活性呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关,�The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different tillage and mulching methods on soil nutrients,soil bulk density,enzyme activity and microbial populations in the tillage layer in arid croplands of eastern Gansu Province,China.The experiments included a no-tillage treatment with residues of film(T)and a double ridge plastic film mulching treatment(CK)and used a randomized block design.Soil nutrient levels,hydrolase enzyme activities(sucrose,urease,phosphatase,catalase),and microorganism abundance(bacteria,actinomycetes,fungi)were compared in the two treatments.It was found that compared with CK,the T treatment significantly increased the soil organic matter by 7.8%,total phosphorus by 11.3%,total potassium by 3.7%,available phosphorus by 12.7%and available potassium by 6.1%in the 0-10 cm soil layer at crop harvest.These indicators decreased with increase in soil depth.The alkali nitrogen content of the T treatment in the 0-20 cm soil layer was lower than in the CK treatment.However,in the 20-40 cm soil layer,the alkaline nitrogen content was high in the T treatment.The T treatment significantly increased the bulk density by 7.1%-12.4%in the 0-30 cm soil layer.In the 0-40 cm soil layer,the most abundant microorganisms were bacteria,followed by actinomycetes,with fungi the least abundant.The tillage treatments affected soil microbial populations differently at different crop growth stages.For a given crop growth stage,the soil microbial abundance decreased with increase in soil depth,especially in the T treatment.Compared with CK,the T treatment increased bacterial abundance by 23.7%,64.5%,7.6%,44.0%,5.6%at the seedling,jointing,flowering,grain filling and harvesting growth stages,respectively.The T treatment also increased fungal abundance by 31.1%,91.7%,85.7%,10.5%,33.3%,respectively,at the same five growth stages,and increased actinomycete abundance by 79.8%,15.1%and 17.6%at seedling,jointing,and harvesting growth stages,respectively,and decreased actinomycete abundance by 17.2%at flowering

关 键 词：留膜留茬免耕栽培 旱作农田 土壤酶活性 土壤养分 土壤微生物数量 

分 类 号：S51[农业科学—作物学]