论港澳基本法的宪法性质  

On the Constitutional Nature of Basic Laws in Hong Kong and Macao

作　　者：陈端洪[1,2] Chen Duanhong

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院 [2]教育部国家人文社科重点研究基地北京大学宪法与行政法研究中心

出　　处：《中外法学》2020年第1期41-63,共23页Peking University Law Journal

摘　　要：在中国法律体系中,港澳基本法模糊的宪法性质严重挑战宪法学的理论想象和话语能力。以例外状态和制宪权为知识坐标,《宪法》第31条可被解读为关于例外状态下国家对于特定地区的制宪权的宣告,而一国两制可被解释为宪法所包含的一个根本的政治决断。认为基本法抵触宪法不仅是不合适的,也是无意义的。基本法立法宗旨与中国宪法蕴含的国家理性具有内在一致性。通过动态平衡、世界大平衡的视角来审视基本法关于中央地方关系的非对称宪制安排,有助于充分认识基本法的宪法正当性。港澳基本法是港澳地区的根本法和高级法,蕴含了不可分离、繁荣稳定、资本主义、港(澳)人治港(澳)、基本权利和自由、新宪制法治等六大根本法。但基本法作为地区根本法和高级法的地位不是绝对的;宪法在港澳理所当然地具有完全效力,表现为整体适用但部分规范悬置。在基本法的实施中,基本法的自足性学说或可作为一个假定性存在,但不能因此而排除完善基本法实施机制和实施技术的必要性。In the Chinese legal system,the Basic Laws of Hong Kong and Macao are sui generis and unique.Its ambiguous constitutional nature challenges the theoretical imagination and discursive capacity of the constitutional jurists.With the theories of the state of exception and constituent power as an intellectual springboard,Article 31 of the PRC Constitution can be read as a proclamation of constituent power regarding particular areas in the states of exception,and the policy of "One Country,Two Systems" can be reasonably interpreted as one fundamental political decision of the constitution.In this light,one can confidently refute the claim that the Basic Laws contravene the constitution as nonsense.Only when the internal consistency between the legislative intention of the Basic Laws and the reason of the state embodied in the constitution are discovered and when the asymmetrical horizontal power allocation is examined from the perspective of dynamic and macro equilibrium of the whole country with the outside world,can their constitutional legitimacy be accepted and the constitutional wisdom be appreciated.The Basic Laws are the fundamental laws and higher laws of Hong Kong and Macao.Six internally connected fundamental principles can be teased out by careful reading,i.e.,anti-separatism,prosperity and stability,capitalism,home rule,safeguard of rights and freedom,new constitutional rule of law.But their status as fundamental laws and higher laws is not absolute,for the national constitution is binding and applicable as a whole in the two areas,only partially suspended.In their implementation,the doctrine of the self-containment of the basic laws can be accepted only as a presupposition,but not an excuse to deny the imperfectness of the mechanisms and techniques of legal implementation.Their function as economic fundamental laws is to be further explored.The recent Decision regarding "Two Inspections at One Place" issued by the Standing Committee of the NPC provides a paradigm of economic constitutional decisionmaking

关 键 词：基本法 宪法 例外状态 制宪权 自足性 

分 类 号：D921.9[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]