日本和法国的少子化对策及启示  

The Countermeasures of Low Birth Rate and Its References from Japan and France

作　　者：田中景[1] TIAN Zhongjing(School of Economics and Management,Hainan Normal University,Haikou Hainan,571158,China)

机构地区：[1]海南师范大学经济与管理学院

出　　处：《人口学刊》2020年第2期90-102,共13页Population Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目:人口负债对日本经济的影响及对中国的警示研究(17BRK001)

摘　　要：日本和法国同为发达国家,第二次世界大战结束以后都出现了比较严重的少子化问题,尽管导致两国少子化的原因不尽相同,但两国都为扭转少子化趋势推出了诸多举措。法国少子化对策的特点主要包括三个方面,一是推出了名目繁多的家庭补贴制度;二是积极创建工作育儿两不误的环境;三是在总和生育率尚处于并不太低的水平时就及早推出了各种举措。反观日本,日本政府自20世纪90年代中期以后陆续推出了诸多举措,但收效甚微,重要原因在于日本在总和生育率已降至很低水平时才调整人口政策并且日本少子化对策的力度远远不及法国。法国少子化对策取得了明显成效,其中最为重要的原因在于政府、企业、劳动者的紧密配合,举国一致为此付出努力。可见,要想从“低生育率陷阱”中摆脱出来,需要政府及社会各界及早深刻认识少子化的消极影响,举国一致付出艰辛努力,政府、企业、社会形成合力共同应对。Low birth rate is the most important and direct factor that leads demographic bonus to demo⁃graphic debt.Most scholars home and abroad think that demographic debt would bring negative effects to the development of economic society.Low birth rate is a major issue that determines the fate of the country and society.Japan and France are both developed countries,which have had serious problems of low birth rate since the Second World War.Although the causes of the two countries’low birth rate are not the same,both countries have launched many measures to reverse the trend of low birth rate.There are three main characteristics of the French strategy:the first is the introduction of a wide range of family subsidy systems;the second is to create a working and childcare environment actively;the third is to launch various mea⁃sures as early as possible when the total fertility rate is not too low.In Japan,the Japanese government has launched many measures since the mid-1990s,but the results are still minimal.The main reason is that Japan adjusted its population policy when the total fertility rate has dropped to a very low level,and the strength of Japan’s strategy of reducing the low birth rate is far less than that of France.It is precisely because the long-term ruling Liberal Democratic Party did not take childcare as a problem of the whole society to give policy support,which led to the increasingly profound reduction of low birth rate.France has achieved remarkable results in the strategy of reducing the low birth rate.The most important reason for its success lies in the close cooperation of the government,enterprises and workers.The whole country has made concerted efforts to this end.It is clear that“trap”of low birth rate is a fake proposition.Despite all this,the governments and all circles of the society should take cognizance of the negative effects of low birth rate.The whole country,including government,enterprises and the society should endeavor to work together in order to get rid of the“trap

关 键 词：少子化 人口负债 总和生育率 人口红利 低生育率陷阱 

分 类 号：C924.24[社会学—人口学]