新疆长绒棉育种现状、趋势及研究进展  

Progress, Problems and Prospects of Xinjiang Long-staple Cotton (G.barbadense L.) Breeding

作　　者：阿里甫·艾尔西[1] 朱家辉[1] 李进[2] 王为然[1] 宁新民[1] 刘志清[1] 孔杰[1] Alifu Aierxi;ZHU Jiahui;LI Jin;WANG Weiran;NING Xinmin;LIU Zhiqing;KONG Jie(Institute of Economic Crops,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China;Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所,乌鲁木齐830091 [2]新疆农业科学院核技术生物技术研究所,乌鲁木齐830091

出　　处：《新疆农业科学》2020年第3期393-400,共8页Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0101604);棉花产业技术体系(CARS-15-09);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503112);新疆农业科学院科技创新重点培育专项(xjkcpy-001);新疆农业科学院青年科技骨干创新能力培养项目(xjnkq-2019008);国家自然科学基金(31660411,31460306);新疆自治区天山英才计划(201720301)~~

摘　　要：【目的】分析新疆自1953年引种长绒棉成功以来育成品种的现状、分布和趋势,以及新品种对新疆长绒棉生产的影响等;总结新疆长绒棉育成品种现状,提出相应对策,为新疆长绒棉新品种选育提供依据。【方法】2013~2018年,以不同时期新疆培育的79个长绒棉品种为材料,进行田间多点试验;收集、汇总与国内外相关文献研究成果并对比分析。【结果】66年来,新疆育成了74个综合性状优良的长绒棉新品种,保障了新疆长绒棉的生产需要;主栽品种有军海1号等10个,与引种初期长绒棉品种相比,主栽品种普遍较引进品种经济性状显著提升,助推了新疆长绒棉产业的发展;新疆长绒棉品种改良经分了引种试种-驯化-选择生产育种-诱变育种-基因工程育种等过程。随着育种技术的不断改进和完善,育成品种质量迅速提升,如军海1号和新海10号等;育种平台不断完善,为长绒棉新品种研发提供了保障。66年来新疆农科院经作所、兵团第一师农科所、巴州农科所3个单位共育成了新疆超过84%的长绒棉品种数量,是长绒棉育种育种研究的优棉团队;虽然新疆长绒棉育种取得了显著成效,但仍存在品种株型、品种类型单一、丰产稳产品种缺乏、适应性亟待改善、现代生物育种技术开发尚落后等问题。【结论】应在保证品质的前提下,紧紧围绕产业发展新情况,设定育种目标,提高品种丰产稳产性,加强病、虫、逆等保障性状的改良,促进实现育种整体目标。【Objective】Since the introduction of long-staple cotton from Central Asia in 1953,Xinjiang has accounted for more than 30%of the total output in the world,among which the new varieties have played a pillar role in industrial development.This paper aims to analyze the progress and existing problems of the cultivars since the introduction in the hope of clarifying the development context of Xinjiang long-staple cotton breeding in various periods,exploring the issues and solutions of the current variety technology,and breeding work for some time in the future.Prospects are made to provide technical reference for the development of new varieties in the future.【Methods】A total of 74 long-staple cotton cultivars cultivated in Xinjiang in different periods were used as research materials.And through 6 years of multi-planting in the field,the obtained data were combined with literature we got and then went through collation,statistics and analysis.【Results】In the past 66 years,74 new varieties of long-staple cotton with excellent comprehensive traits have been bred in Xinjiang.The main economic characteristics of the main cultivars have been improved significantly,and the breeding techniques have been continuously enhanced to ensure the production needs in different periods.At the same time,there are outstanding problems such as plant type,single quality type,lack of high-yield and stable-yielding varieties,urgent improvement of applicability,and backward development of modern biological breeding technology.It is proposed that the development of long-staple cotton should be based on the accurate identification of germplasm resources in the coming period,aiming at the introduction and utilization of breakthrough resources,continuously expanding the sources of backbone parents,and strengthening the research and utilization of modern biological breeding techniques,in order to cultivate new varieties.Provide support.【Conclusion】In the future,long-staple cotton breeding should focus on the new situation facing

关 键 词：长绒棉 引种 育种 现状趋势 对策 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学]