试论考古发现所见的商王室宗庙制度  

On the Ancestral Temple System of the Royal Family in the Shang Dynasty Based on the Archaeological Discovery

作　　者：胡进驻[1] HU Jinzhu(School of History,BNU,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第1期64-84,共21页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：从偃师商城至洹北商城,再至洹南殷墟,商王室都城宫城宗庙区的布局原则高度一致,继承因袭之迹非常明显。偃师商城宫城宗庙区为南(王国先王供奉处)、中(方伯先王供奉处)、北(河六示供奉处)三元构成形式,洹北商城宫城宗庙区为南(王国先王供奉处)、北(方伯先王供奉处)二元组成方式,洹南殷墟宗庙区复为南(早期王国先王供奉处)、中(中期王国先王供奉处)、北(河六示及方伯先王供奉处)三元布局。商王室宗庙区建设一直奉行分群成组的原则。据传世史籍可知,东汉光武帝刘秀、唐高祖李渊、宋太祖赵匡胤及明太祖朱元璋等帝王开国即立四亲庙、且子孙遵循续立成为制度,考古发现这在商汤大乙开国之时即有,并且也被商王室长期坚守。历代商王皆为其生父独立设置亲宗(庙)。而累积四或五世以后,商王室则阶段性地构建宗庙建筑组合,供奉时王祖父以上至高祖之祖间四代或五代神主。宗庙建筑组合可能采纳直线顺排的方式自西向东、自早至晚布列诸神主庙室。晚商殷墟比较盛行五位前后相继庙主庙室成组制度。此五庙成组制度直接影响到周王室的宗庙设置规则。如周王室京宫与康宫之内均分别设置五代先王之庙室。From the ancient city ruins of the Shang Dynasty(1600 B.C.-1046 B.C.) including Yanshi, Huanbei and Yinxu in Huannan, the layout principle of the palace city and ancestral temple of the royal family in the Shang Dynasty is in highly consistence with obvious inherited features. The ancestral temple district of Yanshi city ruin is in the structure of the southern part(the enshrined place for the past kings), the middle part(for the past feudal dukes), and the northern part(for the six natural gods). That of Huanbei is in the structure of the southern part(the enshrined place for the past kings) and the northern part(for the past feudal dukes) and that of Huannan is in the structure of the southern part(the enshrined place for the earlier past kings), the middle part(for the later past kings) and the northern part(for the past feudal dukes). The grouping principle in the construction of ancestral temple district was followed by the kings during the Shang Dynasty. According to the ancient texts preserved in present days, the Emperor Guangwu LIU Xiu(5 B.C.-57 A.D.) in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu LI Yuan(556 A.D.-635 A.D.) in the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizu ZHAO Kuangyin(927 A.D.-976 A.D.) in the Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizu ZHU Yuanzhang(1328 A.D.-1398 A.D.) in the Ming Dynasty and other emperors all established temples for four successive generation ancesters, and their descendants followed the system. The archaeological discovery reveals that the system had exsited when the King Shangtang Dayi established his kingdom and was long adhered by the royal family of Shang Dynasty. And each of the kings of the Shang Dynasty set up an independent ancestral temple for his own father. After the accumulation by the fourth or fifth generation, the royal family built the architectural complex of the ancestral temple, enshrining the ancesters from the grandfather and great grandfathers in previous four or five generations. That architectural complex may be set in a straight line from the west to the east, and the main t

关 键 词：都城宫城宗庙区 四亲庙 宗庙建筑分群成组制度 直线顺排 五庙成组 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]