密度和株行距配置对川中丘区夏玉米群体光分布及雌雄穗分化的影响  

Effects of density and row spacing on population light distribution and male and female spike differentiation of summer maize in hilly area of central Sichuan

作　　者：金容 李钟 杨云 周芳 杜伦静 李小龙 孔凡磊[1] 袁继超[1] JIN Rong;LI Zhong;YANG Yun;ZHOU Fang;DU Lun-Jing;LI Xiao-Long;KONG Fan-Lei;YUAN Ji-Chao(College Agronomy of Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology and Cultivation of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,Sichuan,China;Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanchong 637000,Sichuan,China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学农学院/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室,四川成都611130 [2]南充市农业科学院,四川南充637000

出　　处：《作物学报》2020年第4期614-630,共17页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费(20150312705);国家重点研发计划项目(玉米密植机收)(2016YFD0300307);国家重点研发计划项目(资源高效模式)(2016YFD0300209)资助~~

摘　　要：为了便于全程机械化生产,四川中部部分地区玉米生产已逐渐由套作春播转变为净作夏播。为了明确本区域净作夏玉米高产、宜机的群体结构,采用两因素裂区试验设计,研究了种植密度和株行距配置对夏玉米群体光分布及雌雄穗分化和产量的影响。结果表明,随种植密度增加,玉米有效穗数增加,但因空秆和倒伏增加导致有效穗数增幅逐渐减少甚至最终降低;密度增加使玉米叶片茎叶夹角和开张角降低,叶向值增加,群体透光率明显降低,消光系数增大,雌雄穗小穗分化期和小花分化期幼穗长度和中部直径、吐丝期雄穗主轴长度和成对小穗数以及雌穗总小花数、吐丝小花数、受精小花数和单株果穗受精率均降低,而退化小花数、败育花数和花败育率均增加,最终导致玉米秃尖变长,穗粒数和百粒重显著降低。产量随种植密度增加而先增后降,以67,500株hm^-2最高, 2年平均较45,000株hm^-2和90,000株hm^-2密度分别显著增加17.00%和14.03%。此外, 2年在45,000株hm^-2和67,500株hm^-2密度下,等行距均优于相应宽窄行, 60 cm等行距处理下玉米株型紧凑,能改善群体受光条件,提高玉米单株果穗受精率,降低小花败育率,籽粒产量较高;在2018年90,000株hm^-2密度下,(110+50) cm宽窄行处理更能改善田间通风透光条件,促进雌雄穗分化,提高玉米籽粒产量。因此,川中丘区夏玉米高产栽培应适当缩行增密,宜采用67,500株hm^-2密度搭配60 cm等行距种植。In order to facilitate mechanical production, the corn production in parts of central Sichuan has gradually changed from the intercropping spring planting to the net summer planting. In order to clarify the population structure of the net summer maize for high yield and suitable for mechanization in the region, the effects of density and row spacing on population light distribution and male and female spike differentiation of summer maize were studied with two-factor splitting test design. With the increase of planting density, the maize effective panicle increased, with a gradually decreased increase range, and finally decreased due to the increase of empty stalk and lodging. With the density increased, the angle between stem and leaf and the opening angle decreased,the leaf orientation value increased, the group transmittance decreased significantly, the extinction coefficient increased, and the spike length and middle diameter of the male and female spikes at the panicle differentiation and floret differentiation stages, the tassel spindle length and pairs spikelet number at the silking stage, as well as the total small flower number, the silking floret number, the fertilized floret number and the fertilization rate per plant decreased, while the degraded floret number, the abortive flower number and the abortion rate increased, which eventually led maize bald ear tip become longer, the grain number per panicle and 100-grain weight decreased significantly. With the increase of planting density, the yield increased first and then decreased, with the highest yield under 67,500 plants hm^-2. For the average yield of two years, the treatment of 67,500 plants hm^-2 had a significant increase of 17.00% and 14.03% compared with the treatments of 45,000 and 90,000 plants hm^-2, respectively. In addition, under the density of 45,000 and 67,500 plants hm^-2 for two years, the equal row spacing was better than the corresponding wide and narrow rows, and the maize plant type was compact in 60 cm row spacing treatment, whi

关 键 词：密度 株行距配置 玉米 叶型 光合有效辐射 雌雄穗 产量构成 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]