晚清选官任用之标准及新趋向  

The Standard of Official Selection and Its New Trend in the Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：关晓红[1,2] GUAN Xiao-hong

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史系,广州510275 [2]广东省文史馆

出　　处：《华东师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第2期34-47,193,194,共16页Journal of East China Normal University（Humanities and Social Sciences）

摘　　要：晚清遭遇社会剧变,选官任用的趋向与取士选材密切相关,呈现出相互递进的三阶段。道咸以降,清廷为因应变局以坚忍任事为新标准,破格任用官员,突破了吏部循例按格的铨选规制,同时也因财政困窘及举主徇情导致捐纳、保举过滥,贻患吏治。甲午战后,朝野于急迫救亡中质疑科举“无用”,认为西学“有用”于时且被清廷所肯定,并以西方分科之学为圭臬。新政官制改革中,各部院与直省纷纷选调学堂学生和留学回国人员,均以事功及专门知识、技术为选官用人主要标准,摒弃了隋唐以来选材用人重视人品道德,及对圣贤义理阐释践行的传统。这一矫枉过正的偏颇之举,以浮躁和急功近利为特征,对百年来学风、官风与世风均产生难以估量的影响。In the drastic social change in the late Qing Dynasty,the trend of official selection and appointment was closely related to the selection of talents,which experienced three stages that moved forward one by one.Since the reigns of Emperors Daoguang and Xianfeng,the imperial court of the Qing Dynasty had adopted the new standard of“being capable of handling affairs with steadfast and persistent quality”to appoint officials in order to adapt to the changing situations,which broke the long-lasting selecting rules of the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs.However,the tight financial condition and the practice of favoritism of recommenders led to unfavorable consequences such as bribery,excessive appointment and then poor official management.After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895,in despair to save the nation from extinction,the court and the commonality doubted the validity of imperial examinations and believed that the Western learning was“useful”.The imperial court confirmed this idea and adopted the criterion of Western disciplines.Reforming the official selecting system and adopting new policy,each ministry and province continually selected students graduated from new schools and those who had studied abroad.Capability of handling affairs,specialized knowledge and technologies became the main criterions for talent selection.The tradition of emphasizing candidates’virtues,their practice and understanding of the theories of the sages in the past since the Sui and Tang Dynasties was discarded.This overcorrection is featured by fickleness,seeking quick success and instant benefits,which has had inestimable impact on the style of study,officials’behaviors and public morals for more than one hundred years.

关 键 词：晚清选官 破格用人 坚忍任事 专门知识 科举无用 

分 类 号：D691.4[政治法律—政治学] K252[政治法律—中外政治制度]