敦煌壁画中女性外道表现手法发覆  

A Study on the Artistic Techniques in the Figures of Female Heretics in Dunhuang Murals

作　　者：宋若谷 沙武田[2] SONG Ruogu;SHA Wutian(Institution of Dunhuang Studies,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730020;School of Culture and History,Shaanxi Normal University,X i'an,Shaanxi 710119)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学敦煌学研究所,甘肃兰州730020 [2]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,陕西西安710119

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2020年第1期60-69,共10页Dunhuang Research

基　　金：高等学校学科创新引智基地计划“长安与丝路文化传播学科创新引智基地”（B1803）资助项目~~

摘　　要：外道形象是佛教艺术中常见的题材,广泛见于印度、中亚、西域、汉地艺术当中,其外貌特征是传统的婆罗门人物形象。我们注意到,佛教艺术中的外道形象多为男性婆罗门形象,相对而言女性外道在佛教艺术中出现较少,故长期乏人关注。但通过仔细梳理敦煌壁画,可以看到在降魔成道图、劳度叉斗圣变、报恩经变等绘画中有特定的外道女性形象。颇为有趣的是,敦煌壁画中女性外道的形象前后有变化,早期是中亚西域式青年美女和婆罗门老年丑妇人形象;至唐代则基本以汉地贵妇人形象表现,同时在壁画中也有将外道婆罗门女性画成胡人女子的形象;西夏降魔成道图壁画中则是西夏贵夫人和魔女形象。总体观察,画家在处理外道女性形象时随着时间的推移,汉化是主要的线索。之所以会出现这一现象,实是受汉文化和传统社会中对女性女德标准规范的左右,同时汉人社会对外来女性的文化偏见,导致汉地包括佛教艺术在内的历史形象资料中对外来女性艺术表达的歧视现象。透过敦煌画中外道形象的表现手法,不仅能看到汉文化中外来艺术转变的轨迹,也可以看到受偏见文化影响下的歧视性艺术。Heretic figures are an important theme in Buddhist art and are commonly found in the art of ancient India, Central Asia, and the Western Regions and Central Plains of China, the majority of which resemble traditional Brahmin figures. However, we have noticed that most of the heretic figures in Dunhuang Buddhist art are male and that almost no attention has been paid to the female figures simply because they are too scarce.Looking at the Dunhuang murals, we find that there are specific images of female heretics in several paintings,such as the illustrations of Vanquishing Mara, Raudraksa’ s battle with Sariputra, and the Sutra of Repaying Kindness. Most interestingly, the images of the female heretics vary significantly over time. At first, the female figures were either beautiful young girls or ugly old female Brahmin painted in the style of Central Asia and the Western Regions, but in the Tang dynasty, they became almost identical with general depictions of Chinese ladies. What’s more, there are two different figures in the illustration of Vanquishing Mara in Western Xia kingdom: one is a beautiful Tangut lady and the other is a girl heretic, a difference in depiction which reveals that Sinicization is key to the development of these female heretic figures. The reason for this phenomenon,broadly stated, was the growing influence of a standard of female morality in traditional Han Chinese culture and society. The cultural bias of Han Chinese towards foreign women led to discrimination in the artistic depiction of women in historical materials, including the Buddhist art in regions dominated by Han Chinese culture.Through analysis of the female heretic figures in Dunhuang paintings, we can find traces of the assimilation of exotic art by Han Chinese cultureas well as discriminatory artistic practices influenced by certain cultural prejudices.

关 键 词：女性外道形象 婆罗门人物 汉文化 妇德标准 女性身体观 文化偏见 艺术歧视 

分 类 号：K879.21[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]