中德农业源污染管控制度比较研究  

A Comparative Study Between China and Germany on the Control System for Agricultural Source Pollution

作　　者：张维理[1] 张认连[1] 冀宏杰[1] KOLBE H 陈印军[1] ZHANG WeiLi;ZHANG RenLian;JI HongJie;KOLBE H;CHEN YinJun(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;S?chsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft,Waldheimer Stra?e 219,D-01683,Germany)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,中国北京100081 [2]德国撒克森州立农业科学院,Waldheimer Straβe 219,D-01683,Germany

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2020年第5期965-976,共12页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：中国工程院咨询研究项目(2018-XZ-36-03-02)

摘　　要：已有许多研究证实防治农业生产过程中氮磷进入水域以及氮素进入大气环境已成为现代农业面临的最大挑战之一。为分析中国在农业源污染防控中存在问题,本文对中国和德国近年来颁布的相关法律、法规、技术标准和实施效果进行了综述和比较分析。研究显示,与中国相似,德国人均耕地资源比较少,以家庭农场为单元的经营方式是德国农业的主要生产方式。农业存在经营规模相对小而分散,受气象条件和市场影响风险大、利润薄、需要财政补贴才能生存等问题。对于农业源污染治理,既要实现环境目标,也要顾及农民利益、农业发展和粮食安全,难以简单采用关、停、并、转等行政指令和惩罚性措施,主要是建立和实施农业源污染管控制度。为提高农民施肥技术水平,减少农田化肥养分投入量,德国最有效的做法是在长期试验研究基础上,为农民专门设计和制作了一套比较完整的分区、分类、量化施肥技术指标和规程,这些指标简单、易记、易懂,对不同地区土壤和气候条件有良好适用性,易于推广和普及,对于提高农民施肥技术水平,实现减肥增产、减肥高产发挥了重要作用。在防治农业源氮磷进入水环境,化合态氮进入大气环境方面,德国主要做法是研究、建立和实施一系列与经济奖惩措施关联的限定性技术标准,对农田氮素养分投入量、农田氮磷盈余量、施肥期、施肥方法、种植作物类型等给出了明确的规定和技术指标。同时不断探索新的、更有效的监管和监测方法,充分发挥经济杠杆作用,鼓励、帮助和疏导农民广泛采用更先进、更精准和环境友好的替代技术。农业源污染管控制度的实施使得自20世纪80年代以来,德国农田化肥养分投入量减少了一半,以农田面积(耕地面积与长期作物面积之和)计化肥养分量从404 kg·hm^-2减少到目前的192 kg·hm^-2,仅�A lot of studies has demonstrated that preventing nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural production into water and atmospheric environments has become one of the largest challenges facing modern agriculture.In order to understand status and problems existing in pollution control from agricultural sources in China,a comparative study between China and Germany on the control systems for agricultural source pollution was carried out.The relevant laws,regulations and technical standards issued by China and Germany were reviewed and summarized,and implementation effects of these regulations in recent years were compared.Study showed that similar to China,because of the short of per capita arable land resources in Germany,the family farm has been the main management form for agriculture in Germany.Farmers in Germany had always to face several problems,such as relatively small management scale,scattered fields,high risks and low profits,due to meteorological and marketing uncertainties.Financial subsidy by government has been essential to farmer’s surviving and agricultural development in Germany.Thus,attentions should always be paid not only on environmental objectives,but also on farmer’s interests,agricultural surviving and food security.In such conditions,main approach for agricultural source pollution control was to establish and running the control system and mechanisms with institutional guarantee,instead of simply adopting administrative punitive measures to farmers,such as closing,stopping,merging and turning over.For improving farmer’s knowledge and techniques of fertilization with the purpose to cut down fertilizer application amount,the most effective way was to design a complete quantitative criterions for best farmer’s fertilization practices with differentiated regions and classes’specifications.These simple quantitative criterions were easy to be understood by farmers and applicable to soil and climate conditions in different regions.Subsequently,these quantitative criterions were easy to be

关 键 词：农业源污染 施肥技术 农业环境标准 农民用技术指标 污染管控制度 中国 德国 

分 类 号：X71[环境科学与工程—环境工程] X52