我国褐土耕地质量的演变及对生产力的影响  

Quality Change of Cinnamon Soil Cultivated Land and Its Effect on Soil Productivity

作　　者：陈延华 王乐[1] 张淑香 郭宁[3] 马常宝[4] 李春花 徐明岗[1] 邹国元[2] CHEN YanHua;WANG Le;ZHANG ShuXiang;GUO Ning;MA ChangBao;LI ChunHua;XU MingGang;ZOU GuoYuan(Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081;Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources,Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences,Beijing 100097;Beijing Soil Fertilizer Extension Service Station,Beijing 100029;Center of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Protection,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100125)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [2]北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京100097 [3]北京市土肥工作站,北京100029 [4]农业农村部耕地质量监测保护中心,北京100125

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2019年第24期4540-4554,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0503805);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503120);北京市农林科学院创新能力建设项目(KJCX20170416)

摘　　要：【目的】耕地质量是影响土壤生产力的关键因素,也是科学施肥的重要依据。褐土区为我国小麦和玉米的主产区,研究该区域31年间(1988—2018)耕地质量的演变,并分析它们对生产力的影响,为褐土区的科学施肥提供依据。【方法】基于31年全国103个褐土长期定位试验点的数据,分析褐土耕地质量的演变;并通过冗余分析,比较影响生产力的因素;在此基础上对褐土区的科学施肥提出了合理建议。【结果】(1)褐土区土壤理化性质的演变及现状:有机质、有效磷和速效钾2018年均值分别为17.9 g·kg^-1、29.2 mg·kg^-1和164 mg·kg^-1,监测期间分别提高了21.2%、200.9%和55.0%;全氮和缓效钾2018年均值分别为1.1 g·kg^-1和945 mg·kg^-1,监测期间趋于平稳;中微量元素和重金属含量数值分布在合理范围;pH下降0.3个单位;耕层厚度为21.9 cm,容重为1.33 g·cm^-3,均属于中等水平。(2)褐土区施肥量,2018年总量为730.2 kg·hm^-2,肥料氮(N)磷(P2O5)钾(K2O)的比例约为2﹕1﹕1,化肥与有机肥的比例约为3.45﹕1;氮肥用量378.9 kg·hm^-2,监测期间趋于平稳,磷肥和钾肥用量监测期内呈下降趋势,分别降低24.1%和50.8%。(3)31年间褐土区小麦产量呈上升趋势,监测末期达到6651 kg·hm^-2,比初期提高27.6%;玉米产量较为平稳,监测末期达到8851 kg·hm^-2,监测中期和末期均与初期无显著性差异。小麦季和玉米季的地力贡献率分别为49.0%和59.6%;对产量的影响,物理指标中耕层厚度(对小麦产量的解释率,2.7%)和容重(对小麦和玉米产量的解释率分别为1.2%和1.5%)的作用较大;化学指标中有机质对小麦、玉米产量的解释率均较高,分别为2%和1.7%,有效磷对玉米产量的解释率也较高(3.6%);肥料用量指标中,钾肥对小麦、玉米产量的解释率均最高,分别为5.6%和6%,其次,磷肥对小麦产量(1.3%)、氮肥对玉米产量(1.3%)的解释率也较高。【结论】31年间褐土的耕地质�【Objective】The quality of cultivated land is a key factor affecting soil productivity,which serves also as scientific basis for rational fertilization.Cinnamon soil is the main soil type at the production area of wheat and corn in China.This study examined the current status of cultivated land quality and the evolution characteristics of cinnamon soil during the past 31 years(1988-2018).Though considering the evolution of fertilizer application rate,their influence on productivity was studied,and the guidance for reducing fertilizer input and increasing efficiency in cinnamon soil area was proposed.【Method】Using the data of 103 long-term(31 years)location test points in China,the evolution of cinnamon soil cultivated land quality was analyzed by combining physical and chemical indexes.The factors influencing the yield were compared through the redundancy analysis(RDA).Based on these results,reasonable suggestions were put forward to reduce fertilizer input and increase efficiency in cinnamon soil area.【Result】(1)The present situation and evolution of soil physical and chemical properties in cinnamon soil area were shown in the study.Specifically,the average values of organic matter content,available phosphorus and available potassium in 2018 were 17.9 g·kg^-1,29.2 mg·kg^-1-and 164 mg·kg^-1,respectively,which represented an increase of 21.2%,200.9%and 52.0%during 31years,respectively.The average values of total nitrogen and slow available potassium in 2018 were 1.1 g·kg^-1 and 945 mg·kg^-1,respectively,which remained relatively stable during the monitoring period.The contents of soil secondary elements and micronutrient elements and heavy metals were in an acceptable range.The pH was reduced by 0.3 unit.Topsoil thickness was 21.9 cm and bulk density was 1.33 g·cm^-3,which belonged to the middle level.(2)The fertilizer application rate in cinnamon soil area was 730.2 kg·hm^-2 in 2018.The proportion of N(N):P(P2O5):K(K2O)was about 2:1:1,and the proportion of chemical fertilizer to organic fertiliz

关 键 词：褐土 耕地质量 物理指标 化学指标 作物产量 

分 类 号：S155.23[农业科学—土壤学] S158[农业科学—农业基础科学] F323.211[经济管理—产业经济]