巴西经典民粹主义的实验(20世纪初至1964年)  

The Classic Experiment of Populism in Brazil from the Beginning of 20th Century to 1964

作　　者：董经胜[1,2] Dong Jingsheng

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系 [2]北京大学拉丁美洲研究中心

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2020年第1期85-110,157,共27页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“拉丁美洲现代化进程中的民众主义研究”(编号:14BSS018)的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：20世纪初,巴西城市化和工业化迅猛发展,引起社会结构的变革,为以佩德罗·埃内斯托·巴普蒂斯塔、若泽·阿梅里科、阿德马尔·德巴罗斯、卡洛斯·拉瑟达、莱昂内尔·布里佐拉等地方政治领袖为代表的民粹主义改革者的出现提供了条件。热图利奥·瓦加斯、儒塞利诺·库比契克、雅尼奥·夸德罗斯、若昂·古拉特等巴西总统也体现出明显的民粹主义政治风格。他们虽然在意识相态、政治立场等方面大相径庭,但都以个人魅力、社会改革的纲领和实践动员无组织的底层民众,赢得大量支持并上台执政。20世纪中期巴西经典民粹主义的实践对于推动政治参与的扩大、促使精英政治向大众政治的转变起到了积极的作用,在推动工业化和经济发展、改善收入分配方面也有所作为,但是,在推动民主体制的制度化建设、经济的可持续增长等方面收效甚微,由此引发的政治和经济危机导致20世纪60年代中期民粹主义政治被军人建立的官僚威权主义所取代。Since the 20th century,the social transformation caused by urbanization and industrialization provided the foundation for the rise of classic populism in Brazil.The political leaders in the level of state and municipality,such as Pedro Ernesto Baptista,JoséAmérico de Almeida,Ademar de Barros,Carlos Lacerda,Leonel Brizola,et al.,took part in politics as social reformers.Several presidents,including Getúlio Vargas,Juscelino Kubitschek,Janio Quadras,and Joao Goulart,also acted as populists to more or less extent in their political career.Although different in ideology and political stand,all of them reaped political support of unorganized multi-class masses by their Charismatic style.They won elections through their promises of populist social reform.The classic populism in the middle of 20th century was helpful to the transformation from elite to mass politics.It had also helped promote industrialization,economic development,as well as income redistribution in Brazil.However,it was not successful in the construction of democratic institution and sustainable economic development,which resulted in political and economic crisis in the early 1960s,and consequent takeover of the government by military bureaucratic-authoritarianism.

关 键 词：克里斯玛 “新国家” 民粹主义 社会改革 工党 威权主义 

分 类 号：D773文献标识码:A[政治法律—政治学]