近代日本“国民皆兵”体制的原点——山县有朋的征兵制改革  

The Origin of Modern Japan's"Universal Conscription"--Yamagata Aritomo's Military Reform

作　　者：韩亮[1,2] Han Liang

机构地区：[1]清华大学,北京100165 [2]中国人民抗日战争纪念馆

出　　处：《日本研究》2020年第1期88-96,共9页Japan Studies

摘　　要：发生于1873年的征兵制改革,是日本明治维新后迅速实现“富国强兵”并完成军事近代化转型的重要环节,也是近代日本“国民皆兵”体制形成的原点。明治维新初期,山县有朋作为日本军制改革的实际领导者,主导了从中央军队到国家军队的建设与改革。在这一过程中,山县有朋始终秉承“国民皆兵”主义的建军理念,效仿西方军事制度并结合日本的现实国情,制定了实施征兵制的具体方案,在建立征兵制与构建近代日本的“国民皆兵”体制中发挥了举足轻重的作用。近代日本的征兵制度打破了封建武士集团对国家军事的垄断,契合了“四民平等”的近代精神,具有一定的进步意义。另一方面,征兵制的成立是以强化中央集权和对外侵略扩张为出发点,带有浓厚的军国主义色彩。The reform of conscription in 1873 is a vital part in Japanese rapid transformation into a "rich country with a strong military" and its military modernization after the Meiji Restoration, and it is also the origin of the "universal conscription" in modern Japan. During the early stages of the Meiji Restoration, as the real leader, Yamagata Aritomo led the military reform of the central army and the national army. With the principle of the "universal conscription", he combined western military systems with Japanese reality to make specific plans, which played an important role in the military reform and the "universal conscription" in modern Japan. The new conscription breaks the monopoly of the samurai class on the military in terms of the principle of recruitment, agrees with the "equality of four social classes(shimin byodo)", and thus possesses some certain progressive significance. However, as it is for strengthening the centralization and the country’s expansion and aggression, its militarism is obvious.

关 键 词：山县有朋 国民皆兵 军制改革 征兵制 

分 类 号：K304[历史地理—历史学]