论1855-1865年俄国书刊审查政策调整的“二元性”  

On the“Duality”of the Adjustment of Russian Publication Censorship Policy from 1855 to 1865

作　　者：张广翔[1] 王目坤 Zhang Guangxiang;Wang Mukun

机构地区：[1]吉林大学东北亚研究院,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《史学月刊》2020年第3期52-60,共9页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：随着俄国政府对出版业的控制开始松动,以报刊和书籍为载体的社会舆论逐渐走进城市民众的社会生活,影响着他们的思维方式。由于1856年克里木战争的失败,俄国国内西方派、革命派、斯拉夫派、自由派的人士和官员掀起了一场争取言论出版自由的风暴。社会需要新思想,需要说话和批评时政的权利;政府需要知晓俄国当前社会局势的发展,了解社会舆论对政府政策的反响,需要取得社会的信任和支持。在社会舆论与政府双方的共同作用下,俄国书刊审查政策的调整呈现了浓厚的"二元性"特征:一方面,允许私人发行出版物,允许讨论经济、教育和部分政治话题,免除部分出版物的预审制;另一方面,又设立"警示红线",对违法违规出版物及其相关责任人给予行政、经济和司法制裁。书刊审查政策调整后,俄国的出版业开始带着沉重的枷锁前行。With the loosening of the Russian government’s control of the publishing industry,the public opinion based on newspapers and books gradually entered the social life of the urban people,influencing their way of thinking.With the defeat of the Crimean War in 1856,the demand for freedom of speech and publication was intense among the Western schools,revolutionaries,Slavs,and even liberal officials in Russia.The society needed new ideas and the right to speak and criticize the current politics.Meanwhile,the government needed to know the development of the current social situation in Russia,understand the response of the public to the government policy,and obtain the trust and support from the society.Under the joint action of public opinion and the government,the adjustment of the Russian publication censorship presented typical"duality".On the one hand,it allowed the private distribution of publications,allowed the discussion of economic,educational and some political topics,and exempted the pre-trial system of some publications.On the other hand,a"red line of warning"had been set up to impose administrative,economic and judicial sanctions on illegal publications and those responsible.After the adjustment of the censorship policy,Russia’s publishing industry began to move forward with heavy shackles.

关 键 词：俄国 书刊审查政策 二元性 预审制 司法审判 

分 类 号：K512.4[历史地理—历史学]