“台前幕后”:农村家庭儿童抚育过程中祖辈、父辈的职能分工和代际关系  

“Front Stage and behind the Scenes”: The Segregation of Duties and Intergenerational Relations between Grandparents and Parents in the Process of Childcare in Rural Households

作　　者：王兆鑫 Wang Zhao-xin

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学社会发展与公共政策学院,北京100875

出　　处：《社会建设》2020年第2期54-65,共12页Social Construction

基　　金：2019年共青团中央“青少年发展研究”课题重大课题“大变迁时代的中国孩子们:社会阶层、代际变迁与教育获得”(19ZL008)。

摘　　要：转型期我国农村社会中的家庭育儿模式呈现出诸多与时代变迁相吻合的现象,祖辈成为儿童抚育过程中重要的"生力军",分担了父辈在儿童抚育中的诸多事务,释放了他们的育儿压力,促进了女性进入劳务市场的张力。性别视角下,农村家庭儿童抚育进程中的代际关系呈现出"台前幕后"式的抚育模式和权力格局。一方面,在儿童抚育进程中,祖辈中的女性更多地与儿童及儿童的父母接触,承担起儿童起居、学话、日程管理、日间临时照看、上学接送等诸多琐碎的事务安排,即"台前";祖辈中的男性则通常在幕后提供两代家庭中经济和重大劳务的支持,即"幕后"。另一方面,在儿童抚育进程中与儿童照护及成长相关的决策权呈现出父辈"台前"(强权力),祖辈"幕后"(弱权力)的代际权力关系。此外,祖辈参与家庭育儿的程度,也间接地影响了家庭代际关系的发展和农村家庭养老的质量,一定程度上也影响到了父辈二孩的生育选择。总体来说,社会转型期的农村,代际合作育儿的过程是一个双方致力于将儿童抚育成才的过程,祖辈与父辈之间的代际矛盾和合作,均围绕于此而生。During the transition period, the family child-rearing pattern of the rural society in China presents many phenomena that tally with the changes of the times. As the important "fresh troops" in the process of childcare, the grandparents share many of their children’s responsibilities for childcare. Thus, parents’ parenting stress are released, facilitating women’s entry into the labor market. From a gender perspective, the intergenerational relationship in the process of childcare in rural households presents a "front stage and behind the scenes" childrearing pattern and power structure. On the one hand, having more contact with children and their parents in the process of childcare, the grandmothers undertake many trivial affairs arrangements such as living with children, teaching children to speak, schedule management, day-time temporary care, and school drop-off and pick-up. Namely, the grandmothers play their parts in "front stage". The grandfathers usually provide support of economic and major labor for two generations. Namely, the grandfathers play their parts in "behind the scenes". On the other hand, in the process of childcare, the decision-making power related to childcare and growth presents an intergenerational power relationship that the parents are responsible for the "front stage" and the grandparents are responsible for "behind the scenes". Specifically, the former masters "strong power" and the latter masters "weak power". Besides, the degree of participation for the older generations in family parental responsibility indirectly influences the inter-generational relationships and the quality of service for the aged. Also, to a certain extent, it affects parents’ decisions about raising a second child. In general, Chinese rural child-rearing process is a generational cooperation model in the social transformation with purpose of promoting children’s success. The contradiction and cooperation between parents and grandparents’ generation are generated with the child-rearing.

关 键 词：农村家庭 儿童抚育 祖辈 代际关系 社会性别 

分 类 号：C913.1[经济管理]