我国《民法典(草案)》中附随义务体系之重构——以中、德附随义务学说溯源为视角  

The Reconstruction of the Concept of Subordinated Obligations in Chinese Civil Code(Draft):From the Perspective of the Dogmatic History of Subordinated Obligations in Chinese and German Law

作　　者：汪倪杰 Wang Nijie

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院

出　　处：《交大法学》2020年第2期72-94,共23页SJTU Law Review

摘　　要：《民法典(草案)》合同编面临如何解释及定位附随义务的问题。基于现有立法与审判实践不一致的问题,急待厘清该义务与给付义务、债务人过错及合同外行为义务间的关系。有学者呼吁采纳德国保护义务理论,但须深入理解中、德对应学说的联系与区别。德国法上的附随义务理论脱胎于积极违约,成熟于保护义务理论,出现了义务独立化、归责标准客观化和责任性质法定化的倾向。而中国法上的附随义务为域外学说与本国立法的结合产物,存在学说概念与立法文义背离,过错原则难以统一及缔约与履约阶段责任割裂等问题。我国不妨在解释论层面抛弃附随义务概念,代以广义的未约定义务,从而构建更宽泛的契约义务,避免一刀切的归责原则以及减少契约与侵权间的二元对立。The codification of the Special Section of the Chinese Civil Code is faced up with how to build up a model of subordinated obligation,which requires to clarify its relationship with other elements such as the obligation of performance,fault and the behavior liability outside the contract.Some scholars have advocated that China should adopt the theory of obligation of protection from Germany,but it requires an in-depth understanding of the connections and differences between the Chinese and German counterparts.The theory of subordinated obligation in German law was born from the doctrine of positive breach of contract and matured in the theory of the obligation of protection,which reveals the tendency of the independence of behavior obligation,the objectification of its imputation criteria and the statutory nature of its liability.In comparison,the subordinated obligation in Chinese law combines the extraterritorial doctrines and domestic legislation,which causes the deviation of theories from legislation,the disunity of its imputation criteria and the splitting of the liabilities between the contractual negotiation and performance.We had better replace the terminology of subordinated obligation with general implied obligations in order to build up broader contractual obligations,avoid the rigorous imputation criteria and reduce the binary opposition between contracts and torts.

关 键 词：附随义务 保护义务 缔约过失 民法典解释 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]