贩毒人员持有毒品性质认定之举证责任探讨  

The Burden of Proof on the Nature of Drug Traffickers Holding Drugs

作　　者：梅锦[1,2] MEI Jin(Law School, Jiang Nan University, Wuxi 214122,China;Criminal Law School, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai 200042, China)

机构地区：[1]江南大学法学院,无锡214122 [2]华东政法大学刑事法学院,上海200042

出　　处：《北京社会科学》2020年第4期95-104,共10页Social Sciences of Beijing

基　　金：司法部专项课题“未成年犯审前人格调查制度研究”(15SFB5016)。

摘　　要：2015年颁行的《全国法院毒品犯罪审判工作座谈会纪要》,将贩毒人员持有毒品的行为一律推定为贩卖毒品,实际上是对该类犯罪的举证责任进行了重新划分,虽有助于从严打击毒品犯罪却难以避免侵犯人权的危险。由于毒品的特殊性,吸毒人员有大量持有的内在需求;“控制下交付”“特情引诱”的运用,也大大降低了司法机关对毒品犯罪的举证难度;此外,中国对毒品犯罪的制裁一直采用重刑主义的立场。这些都显示了举证责任的分配不够合理。在综合考量毒品犯罪侦查难度、打击毒品犯罪现实需要以及保障人权等因素的基础上,有必要严格限制推定的范围,并以明确列举的方式规定推定的情形;同时,应将当事人一方排除贩卖的证明标准由“确有证据证明”降低为“有证据证明”。The regulation,the Minutes of the National Court of Drug Crimes Trial Symposium,issued in 2015,presumes drug trafficking by drug traffickers'holding drugs.It has reclassified the burden of proof for such behavior,helping the crackdown on drug crimes,while human rights violations are unavoidable.Due to the peculiar nature of drugs,drug users intend to possess certain amount to quench themselves;in addition,the technical like“deliver under control”and“special inducements”has greatly reduced the difficulty for judicial authority to identify proof of drug crimes;furthermore,China's sanctions on drug crimes always adopt the position of severe punishment.All these show that the allocation of the burden of proof is not reasonable.Therefore,it requires strict limitation on the degree of presumptions,after fully taking some factors concerning drug crimes like the difficulty to investigate,the actual need to combat,and the human rights to defend.One remedy is to shift possibility to certainty of trafficking in the possession process by clear evidence demonstrations.Meanwhile,the burden of proof of the party should be reduced appropriately.

关 键 词：贩卖毒品 举证责任 特情引诱 风险刑法 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]