古基因组学在古代家马研究中的应用  

APPLICATION OF PALEOGENOMICS IN ANCIENT DOMESTIC HORSES

作　　者：文少卿 俞雪儿 田亚岐 胡松梅 李悦[4] 孙畅[2] Wen Shaoqing;Yu Xue'er;Tian Yaqi;Hu Songmei;Li Yue;Sun Chang(Institute of Archaeological Science,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433;Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology,School of Life Sciences,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433;Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology,Xi'an 710054,Shaanxi;School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,XVan 710069,Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学科技考古研究院,上海200433 [2]复旦大学,现代人类学教育部重点实验室,上海200438 [3]陕西省考古研究院,陕西西安710054 [4]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710069

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2020年第2期307-320,共14页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门“绝学”和国别史等研究专项项目(批准号:19VJX074);国家社科基金青年项目(批准号:18CKG024)共同资助.

摘　　要：古DNA是人类学、分子进化和群体遗传学的一个重要的工具.在过去的十年,我们见证了古DNA研究的一场革命.古DNA研究的焦点在很长时间内被限制在了线粒体DNA和有限个核基因组标记,但现在已经能够获得非常古老的全基因组数据.这一突破主要是缘于高通量测序平台以及获取高度降解DNA分子的能力,并发展出了古基因组学这一新领域.本文回顾了马的古基因组研究的发展历程,以及在揭示家马的遗传谱系和基于基因型-表型关联分析预测马的性状两方面的最新进展.我们依据马的基因组研究的新成果,优化三款基于高通量测序的检测panel,分析古代家马的谱系、性别、毛色、运动能力、步态、体型/肩高、高原适应等相关方面.结果显示,遗传谱系和表型特征为探讨中国古代家马的起源和用途,特别是祭祀用马的来源和挑选标准有重要意义.该研究有助于进一步认识中国家马的演化与传播及其与古代社会政治、经济、文化、思想的关系.DNA analysis on degraded samples revealed itself as an important research tool in anthropology,molecular evolution,and population genetics.The past decade has witnessed a revolution in ancient DNA research.Although the field's focus was previously limited to mitochondrial DNA and a few nuclear markers,whole genome sequences from the deep past can now be retrieved.This breakthrough is tightly connected to the massive sequence throughput of next generation sequencing platforms and the ability to target short and degraded DNA molecules,giving rise to the new field of paleogenomics.Here,we reviewed the course of development of equine genomics,and described the state-of-the-art achievements in horses paleogenomic studies,with particular focus on revealing genetic lineages of ancient horses and predicting equine traits via the results of genotype-phenotype correlation analysis.Based on previous horse genome researches,we optimized three NGS-based panels to analyze the genes associated with horse lineages,gender,coat color,racing performance,gaits,body size/height at withers,and high-altitude adaptation and other aspect.Our results show that genetic lineages and phenotypic traits are crucial to the study of the origin and use of domestic horses in China,especially the source and selection criteria of sacrificial horses.This research contributes to our understanding of the evolution and spread of domestic horse in China,ands relationship to past social,political,economic,cultural and ideological developments.

关 键 词：马的古基因组学 考古学应用 遗传谱系 马的特征 基因型-表型关联分析 

分 类 号：K872[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q915.3[历史地理—历史学]