中国古代牧业社会骨制品的初步考察:以新疆巴里坤石人子沟遗址为例  

WORKED BONE PRODUCTION IN ANCIENT PASTORAL SOCIETIES IN CHINA:A CASE STUDY OF THE SHIRENZIGOU SITE IN BALIKUN,XINJIANG

作　　者：李悦[1,2] 马健[1,2] 张成睿[3] 刘欢 宗天宇 陈婷 黄泽贤 任萌[1,2] 习通源 王建新[1,2] 温睿[1,2] Li Yue;Ma Jian;Zhang Chengrui;Liu Huan;Zong Tianyu;Chen Ting;Huang Zexian;Ren Meng;Xi Tongyuan;Wang Jianxin;Wen Rui(School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710069,Shaanxi;Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation(North nest University),M inistry of Education,Xi'an 710069,Shaanxi;Department of Anthropology,Harvard University,Cambridge 02138,Massachusetts;School of Resource,Environment,and Historical Culture,Xian yang Normal University,Xian yang 712000,Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710069 [2]西北大学文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室,陕西西安710069 [3]哈佛大学人类学系,马萨诸塞剑桥02138 [4]咸阳师范学院资源环境与历史文化学院,陕西咸阳712000

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2020年第2期331-342,共12页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研究发展计划“战略性国际科技创新合作”重点专项项目(批准号:2016YFE0203700)资助。

摘　　要：考古遗址出土骨制品的研究对于揭示古代社会的动物资源获取和利用、手工业生产、社会组织结构等问题具有重要意义.国内骨制品研究目前多集中在农业区域,这些研究为探讨新石器时代至青铜时代的动物使用及其与社会发展、早期国家形成的关系等问题作出了重要贡献.然而,针对牧业社会骨制品的考察十分缺乏.新疆哈密地区巴里坤草原分布有大量古代牧业文化遗址,石人子沟遗址(43°31′12.8″~43°34′28.9″N,93°13′44.8″~93°16′49.1″E)是其中一处青铜时代晚期至铁器时代早期的大型聚落.本文从动物考古学视角研究该遗址2006年至2011年发掘出土的426件骨制品.结果显示,石人子沟遗址骨制品的原料主要为以羊(Ovis aries/Capra hircus)、马(Equus caballus)为主的家养动物和以鹿(Cervidae)为主的野生动物,其中羊的比例最高(69.7%),鹿(13.8%)、马(2.3%)次之,这与中原地区青铜时代农业文化遗址的骨制品多以牛为原料的情况明显不同.羊在骨制品原料中占绝对多数且大量使用羊距骨制品的现象是对石人子沟遗址以牧业为主的生业经济方式的直接反映.石人子沟遗址不同类型骨制品的制作各具特点,但整体表现出"省时省力"的特点,即对使用部位细致打磨,对非使用部位仅做简单处理.与中原地区商周时期大型制骨作坊规范化、规模化、产业化的骨器生产不同,石人子沟遗址未见专门的制骨场所,骨制品生产的操作链条也并不完整.遗址的骨制品生产可能是以家庭为单元进行的,产品的专业化、精细化程度也相对较低.该研究填补了我国古代牧业文化遗址出土骨制品动物考古学专门研究的空白,为进一步探究我国古代不同区域、不同生业经济基础下的制骨手工业面貌提供了重要资料.The study of worked bones from archaeological contexts is crucial to the understanding of animal resource exploitatio n,craft producti on,and social orga ni zation in the past.In China,previous research on worked bones from societies practicing agriculture-based subsistence economy has contributed much to the study of Neolithic and Bronze Age animal use and its relalion to social development and early state formation.However,little work has been done for worked bones from ancient pastoral societies.Here we present an analysis of 426 worked bones,recovered during the 2006~2011 excavation seasons,from Shirenzigou site,a large pastoral settlement on the Balikun Steppe(43。31'12.8"~43。34'28.9"N,93。13'44.8〃?93。16'49.1"E)in present-day Hami region in the northeastern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Results show that worked bones from Shirenzigou site were made of both domestic and wild animals,of which caprines(69.7%)constituted the largest proportion,followed by deer(13.8%)and horses(2.3%).This pattern of raw material selection was different from that for Bronze Age bone working sites in the Central Plains of China,which primarily used cattle to make bone artifacts.The predominance of caprines in raw materials and the presence of a large number of caprine astragali in the worked bone assemblages suggest that worked bone production at Shirenzigou site relied on its pastoralism-based subsistenee economy.With respect to craftsmanship,worked bones from Shirenzigou site were characterized by limited processing of the unused parts of bone artifacts and careful polish of the functional parts.Different types of bone artifacts exhibited distinct features of craftsmanship.Unlike the large-scale,organized,and standardized bone working sites of the Shang and Western Zhou periods in the Central Plains,Shirenzigou site did not have dedicated space for producing worked bones.There is also no evidence for a complete chain of operation.It is likely that worked bone production at Shirenzigou site was practiced at

关 键 词：石人子沟遗址 骨制品 制作 牧业文化 生业经济 

分 类 号：K876.1[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q915.23[历史地理—历史学]