变动的环境变动的国家——美国作为一个环治国家的演化  

A Changing State for Changing Environment:The Evolution of the American Environmental Management State

作　　者：侯深[1] Hou Shen(School of History, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院,北京100872

出　　处：《华中师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2020年第2期130-140,共11页Journal of Central China Normal University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“1800年以来的美国城市环境史研究”(15BSS020)。

摘　　要：所谓“环治国家”,指的是现代国家通过强调其控制与管理自然、资源以及相关行为的责任,运用其所掌握的资本与专业知识,调整或建立新的生态与社会秩序,从而定义其与公民、社会以及其他国家之间的关系。虽然美国在环境治理中始终同时拥有多重面相,但是它大致经历了三个重要阶段:从建国到进步主义时代,从进步主义到1960年代,当下,则处于第三个阶段。在这三个阶段中,美国的治理从早期的自由放任进入第二阶段的建立“公地”,再到第三阶段以国家立法的形式加强对公民行为的管理。此三个阶段转换背后的核心驱动力是变化的环境以及随之变化的环境知识,而非某个权力群体或者若干群体意志的一厢情愿。The so-called environmental management state suggests that,in order to define the relationship with citizens,society,and other countries,a modern state uses its capital and expertise to adjust or establish a new social and ecological order,through emphasizing the responsibility in its controling and management of nature,resources,as well as pertinent environmental behaviors.Although the United States of America has carried multiple identities in environmental management,the evolution of such a state has roughly experienced three phases,from the nation’s establishment to the era of Progressivism,then to the 1960s,and now it is in the third phase.In this process,the US shifts from the early laissez-faire state to the second phase of building the“American commons”,and to the third phase in which the federal government reinforces its regulative power over its citizens’behaviors through setting up environmental laws.This article argues that the core driving force behind the transition of phases is not the wishful thinking of a certain or some groups of power,but the changing environment and the consequently changing environmental knowledge.

关 键 词：环治国家 环境治理 环境史 美国公地 生态学时代 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]