有机无机肥配施对盐渍土供氮特性与作物水氮利用的影响  

Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Nitrogen Supply and Crop Water and Nitrogen Utilization in Salinized Soils

作　　者：周慧 史海滨[1] 徐昭[1] 郭珈玮 付小军 李正中 ZHOU Hui;SHI Haibin;XU Zhao;GUO Jiawei;FU Xiaojun;LI Zhengzhong(College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Huhhot 010018,China;Shahaoqu Irrigation Experimental Station,Jiefangzha Management Bureau of Hetao Irrigation District,Bayannur 015400,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院,呼和浩特010018 [2]内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域管理局沙壕渠试验站,巴彦淖尔015400

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2020年第4期299-307,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目(51539005);国家自然科学基金项目(51769024);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0400205);内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(201602049)。

摘　　要：为探究有机肥替代化肥比例对不同程度盐渍化玉米农田土壤供氮特性及水氮利用效率的影响,于2018年进行了田间试验。选取轻度(0.460 d S/m)和中度(0.951 d S/m)2种盐渍化农田,以纯施氮量240 kg/hm^2为相同施氮总量进行有机无机肥配施,分别设置5个施肥处理(有机肥占施肥比例分别为0、25%、50%、75%、100%)和1个空白对照处理,依次记为U1、U3O1、U1O1、U1O3、O1、CK。结果表明,同一处理中度盐渍土氮素矿化量显著低于轻度盐渍土。轻度盐渍土无机肥施入比例越大,土壤矿质氮释放速度越快,有机无机配施能更好地调节玉米生育期氮素的释放。中度盐渍土各处理下,生育前期土壤矿质氮含量无显著差异,增大有机肥施入比例对于提高作物生育后期土壤矿质氮含量的优势明显。同一处理中度盐渍土玉米产量及水氮利用效率较轻度盐渍土显著降低,产量下降幅度达到30.94%~63.90%(P<0.05)。适当的有机肥施入比例能显著提高作物水氮利用效率,轻度盐渍土表现出随有机肥施入比例增大玉米水氮利用效率呈先升后降的趋势,中度盐渍土表现出随有机肥施入比例增大玉米水氮利用效率逐渐升高的趋势。轻、中度盐渍土分别以U1O1、O1处理水分利用效率最大,分别较U1处理提高11.84%、27.68%(P<0.05),同时,产量、植株吸氮量、氮收获指数、氮肥当季回收率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率等指标也较高。综合玉米产量、水氮利用效率及生育期土壤矿质氮变化规律,得到河套灌区玉米适宜的有机无机施肥管理模式为:轻度盐渍土为120 kg/hm^2有机肥+120 kg/hm^2化肥,中度盐渍土为240 kg/hm^2有机肥。Hetao Irrigation District( HID) is a main grain production region in China. Soil salinization and excessive application of chemical fertilizers are main important factors that restricting the food and environmental safety in HID. Reasonable and efficient utilization of fertilizer resources on saline soil to improve crop production efficiency and reduce non-point source pollution of nitrogen are the effective ways to relieve the problem. Farmlands with mild( 0. 460 dS/m) and moderate( 0. 951 dS/m) salinization were selected,as a pure nitrogen application rate of 240 kg/hm^2. The same amount of nitrogen was applied to the different treatments. Five fertilization treatments( the fertilization proportion of organic fertilizer was 0,25%,50%,75% and 100%,respectively) and one blank control were provided,which were designated as U1,U3 O1,U1 O1,U1 O3,O1 and CK,respectively. The field experiment was conducted to explore the response of maize yield to organic nitrogen substituting for inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in different salinized soils,and provide scientific basis for reasonable nitrogen management.Main conclusions were as follows: the amount of nitrogen mineralization in moderate saline soil of the same treatment was significantly lower than that of mild saline soil. In mild saline soil,mineral nitrogen contents added with more inorganic fertilizer were much higher in early growth stage,while a steady increase of mineral nitrogen content was found in soil which combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer was added during the whole growth period of maize. In moderate saline soil,there was no significant difference in soil mineral nitrogen content in different treatments at the early growth stage,the increase of applied proportion of organic fertilizer was obvious to the improvement of soil mineral nitrogen content in the later stage of crop growth. The corn yield,water and nitrogen use efficiency in moderate saline soil of the same treatment were significantly lower than those in mild saline soil,and th

关 键 词：玉米 盐渍化农田 有机无机肥配施 土壤供氮特性 水氮利用效率 

分 类 号：S274[农业科学—农业水土工程] S156.4[农业科学—农业工程]