基于放牧系统单元的草地可持续管理:概念与模式  

Sustainable grassland management based on grazing system unit:Concepts and models

作　　者：董世魁[1] 杨明岳 任继周[2] 尚占环[2] 赵昕月 董全民[3] 刘文亭 仁钦端治 窦声云 周学丽 土旦加 史德军 DONG Shikui;YANG Mingyue;REN Jizhou;SHANG Zhanhuan;ZHAO Xinyue;DONG Quanmin;LIU Wenting;Renqinduanzhi;DOU Shengyun;ZHOU Xueli;Tudanjia;SHI Dejun(School of Environment,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China;State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China;Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary,Qinghai University,Xining 810003,Qinghai,China;Grassland Improvement Research Station of Qinghai Province,Xining 810000,Qinghai,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学环境学院,北京100875 [2]兰州大学草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室,甘肃兰州730000 [3]青海大学畜牧兽医科学院,青海西宁810003 [4]青海省草原改良试验站,青海西宁810000

出　　处：《草业科学》2020年第3期403-412,共10页Pratacultural Science

基　　金：青海省科技成果转化项目(2019-SF-145);青海省重大科技专项项目(2018-NK-A2);国家重点研发计划重点专项课题(2016YFC0501906)。

摘　　要：放牧系统单元是放牧过程中形成的草地、家畜、人居三位一体的稳定格局,具有移动性、适应性、灵活性、多样性、地带性(地理地带性和时间地带性)和脆弱性,可以提供支持(如土壤保持)、供给(如草畜产品)、调节(如气候调节)、文化(如文化传承)等多种服务功能。放牧系统单元的组分?草地、畜群、人居之间的相互割裂是放牧管理不当的严重问题,容易造成草地退化和牧民贫困等生态和经济问题。放牧系统单元的重建对我国草地畜牧业转型适应具有重要意义,根据自然环境和社会经济条件,放牧系统单元的重建可以采取3种模式:1)联户/合作社为单位的现代游牧模式;2)家庭/小型牧场为单位的定居放牧模式;3)合作社/大型牧场为单位的划区轮牧模式。Grazing systems are methords of grazing management that divide grazing land into units to create a stable pattern of grassland utilization for livestock and human residence.Subdivision of grasslands into grazing units can serve multiple functions,including support(such as soil conservation),provision(of animal fodder and animal products),regulation(such as climate regulation)and cultural services(heritage preservation).Damage to grassland,livestock,and human residence relationships results from inappropriate grazing management,which can easily lead to ecological and economic problems including grassland degradation and human poverty.Three models exist for rebuilding grazing units based on environmental and socioeconomic conditions:Joint household/farmer cooperative-based modern nomadic grazing patterns,household/small ranch-based settled grazing patterns,farmer cooperative/large ranch-based rotational grazing patterns.

关 键 词：放牧系统单元 地带性特征 生态功能 失衡原因 重建模式 

分 类 号：F326.3[经济管理—产业经济] F323.212