脆弱的道义:中国古代灾荒赈贷制度运行悖论之检讨  

Fragile Moral Obligation:A Review on the State Agricultural Loaning System in Chinese History

作　　者：杨乙丹[1] YANG Yi-dan

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学中国农业历史文化研究所

出　　处：《云南社会科学》2020年第2期149-157,188,共10页Social Sciences in Yunnan

基　　金：国家社会科学基金西部项目“中国古代灾荒赈贷制度研究”(项目号:17XZS035)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：历史时期官府向贫民发放救助性借贷而形成的赈贷制度,是中国古代荒政的重要组成部分,它从一开始就具有浓厚的道义色彩。儒家治国理念兴起之后,对灾荒赈贷制度进行了进一步的道义强化,明晰了其独特的价值约束:以中下等贫困农户为放贷对象、不以取息盈利为目的、持续的“活民”职能、较短的时间约束等。但统治者道义自觉的不稳定、官吏在放贷时追求私利的普遍性、日益拉长的运行链条、国家在农村金融市场中逐利的内在冲动等,使得“最需要钱的人最贷不到钱”,“名义上是救助性的低息放贷,实际上却是高利贷”,“需要放贷的时候却得不到”等现象频频出现,彰显了中国古代灾荒赈贷制度背后道义约束的脆弱。In the ancient China,the State Agricultural Loaning System had already boarded the stage of Chinese history as an important famine policy.After combining with Confucian Ruling Philosophy,this system was morally strengthened and had to obey specific running orders,such as taking the poor farmer who at the edge of subsistence as lending objects,handing out with low interest and not aiming to maximize profits,nourishing the poor farmer continuously,etc.Unfortunately,these running orders are existing usually in ideal because of the following reasons:the supreme rulers regularly lacking moral consciousness,overwhelming scale of profit-driven officials in the official group,increasingly elongated running chains between the state and farmer,dual target of the state in rural financial market for pursuing profit and earning reputation,and cyclical fluctuations of dynasty ruling boundary,etc.In fact,the paradoxes,such as“people who need money or food most in deed can’t get loaning”,“low-interest loan nominally,but usurious loan actually”and“most needy can’t always get a loan,were prevailing told us that the moral constraint of the State Agricultural Loaning System in Chinese history is so fragile”.

关 键 词：灾荒赈贷 道义制度 治民 高利贷 道义约束 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]